Araling Panlipunan Essay

The Human Poverty Index (HPI) meant that the way of life in a nation, created by the United Nations (UN) to supplement the Human Development Index (HDI) and was first revealed as a component of the Human Development Report in 1997. It was considered to more readily mirror the degree of hardship in created nations contrasted with the HDI.[1] In 2010 it was superseded by the UN’s Multidimensional Poverty Index. The HPI focuses on the hardship in the three basic components of human life previously reflected in the HDI: life span, information and a not too bad way of life. The HPI is inferred independently for creating nations (HPI-1) and a gathering of select high-pay OECD nations (HPI-2) to all the more likely reflect financial contrasts and furthermore the generally various proportions of hardship in the two gatherings The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is the United Nations Development Programme’s endeavor to quantify the degree of sexual orientation imbalance over the globe’s nations, in light of evaluations of women’s relative monetary salary, investments in lucrative situations with financial force, and access to proficient and parliamentary positions. In 1995 in the Human Development Report appointed by the United Nations Development Program set-out to make two new estimation lists for estimating improvement. Their point was to add to the Human Development Index by method of incorporating a sexual orientation measurement in the measure. They were made so as to equal the conventional pay centered proportions of advancement, for example, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP). Haq, the primary executive of the Human Development Report Office, set up a few standards for the recently rising measure including arrangements that it must be straightforward, must be spoken to as a solitary number, must be handily determined, needed to yield numbers that were globally practically identical, needed to utilize numbers accessible on a yearly premise and needed to utilize numbers that were effectively interpretable. The subsequent estimates that were made were the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The GEM, the more specific of the two, is centered around showing the overall strengthening of ladies in a given nation.

Hypostatizationâ€Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language

Hypostatization-Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language The error of Reification-Also known as Hypostatization-is fundamentally the same as the Equivocation Fallacy, then again, actually as opposed to utilizing single word and changing its importance through the contention, it includes taking a word with a typical utilization and giving it an invalid use. In particular, Reification includes attributing substance or genuine presence to mental builds or ideas. At the point when human-like characteristics are ascribed too, we likewise have anthropomorphization. Models and Discussion of the Hypostatization Fallacy Here are a few manners by which the false notion of reification can happen in different contentions: 1. The administration plays a part in everybodys business and another in each individual pocket. By restricting such legislative pickpocketing, we can constrain its invasions on our freedom.2. I cannot accept that the universe would permit people and human accomplishment just to blur away, along these lines there must be a God and a the hereafter where all will be saved. These two contentions exhibit two unique ways that the misrepresentation of Reification can be utilized. In the principal contention, the idea of government is accepted to have properties like want which all the more appropriately have a place with volitional animals, similar to individuals. There is an implicit reason that it isn't right for an individual to place their hands in your pocket and it is inferred that it is additionally shameless for the administration to do likewise. What this contention overlooks is the way that an administration is basically an assortment of individuals, not an individual itself. An administration has no hands, along these lines it can't pickpocket. In the event that the administrations burdening of the individuals isn't right, it must not be right for reasons other than a too-exacting relationship with pickpocketing. In reality managing those reasons and investigating their legitimacy is sabotaged by inspiring a passionate response by utilizing the pickpocketing illustration. This apparently implies we additionally have a false notion of Poisoning the Well. In the second model over, the properties being utilized are progressively human which implies that this case of reification is likewise anthropomorphization. There is no motivation to feel that the universe, all things considered, truly thinks about anything-including people creatures. In the event that it isn't fit for mindful, at that point the way that it couldn't care less is anything but a valid justification to accept that it will miss us after we are no more. In this manner, it is invalid to build a legitimate contention which depends upon the supposition that the universe cares. Some of the time skeptics make a contention utilizing this deception which is like model #1, yet which includes religion: 3. Religion endeavors to annihilate our freedom and is subsequently shameless. By and by, religion has no volition since it's anything but an individual. No human-made conviction framework can attempt to either annihilate or fabricate anything. Different strict conventions are unquestionably dangerous, and the facts confirm that numerous strict individuals endeavor to subvert freedom, however it is obfuscated thinking to confound the two. Obviously, it ought to be noticed that hypostatization or reification is extremely simply the utilization of similitude. These similitudes become misrepresentations when they are taken excessively far and ends are framed on the premise the illustration. It tends to be extremely valuable to utilize illustrations and reflections in what we compose, however they convey a risk in that we can start to accept, without acknowledging it, that our theoretical elements have the solid credits we allegorically attribute to them. How we depict a thing affects what we accept about it. This implies our impression of the truth is frequently organized by the language we use to portray reality. Along these lines, the error of reification ought to teache us to be cautious by they way we portray things, in case we start to envision that our depiction has a target substance past the language itself.

Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF Technology

Argumentative Essay Samples in PDF TechnologyArgumentative essay samples in PDF technology can get people to respond in a very different way than an essay in print would. A PDF technology essay is a more flexible and tailored format than a standard essay as it allows for the use of interactive elements to interact with the reader and to engage their attention.PDF technology has been around for a while but has only recently gained significant popularity and has been adopted by many teachers and lecturers as well as students who are seeking flexibility and increase in accessibility. The advantages of using a PDF format as an essay writer should be obvious. What follows is a detailed guide to explaining what you can expect when writing in PDF technology.This is one of the main reasons why teachers have started to encourage their students to use PDF technology to write their essays. Students are at an advantage because they can use more complex features to make their essays interactive a nd therefore to increase their comprehension and retention of the material.On the other hand, when a student writes an essay using a PDF format he or she will be able to add interactive features such as line graphs, tables, charts, infographics and graphics. These features can be especially helpful for students who struggle with maths or just struggle with comprehension. The interactive features of the essay can allow the student to communicate their ideas and thoughts much more effectively, allowing them to contribute much more easily than in a standard essay.One of the major advantages of using a PDF as an essay writer is that the essay is much more readable and less difficult to understand than the standard essay. To this end, a PDF reader is often used by teachers to help their students learn how to read an essay. The advantage of this is that the text is more easily seen and the main idea behind the essay is more clearly understood.In addition, the PDF will also be formatted fo r higher resolvability, meaning that the entire document can be changed without changing the whole essay. For this reason, it is frequently used in schools and colleges where students will be expected to add their own content to the document, and therefore expect a large amount of changes to be made over time.When it comes to picking a format to write your essay in, there are many to choose from, including HTML, Word, and LaTeX. Once you have chosen a format, it is important to ensure that you use a tool to format your document correctly so that the presentation is clear and easy to read. After all, there is no point in teaching someone how to write an essay if they cannot read it.

Women Stereotyping - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1666 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? The media misleads reality by forming and reinforcing gender stereotypes. Women are subjugated by being portrayed into categories like sex objects, victims and or dependents of society. We live in a world full of discrimination. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women Stereotyping" essay for you Create order People (men and women) are categorized and judged based on who they are. Both genders are victims of this act but men are often favorited more than women are. Men are praised for many things that women would be criticized for doing. Women are often underestimated in many things that men are praised for and also classified as the weak sex. Men are implied as the cultural standard. Women are looked as unimportant or invisible. Regardless of age or tenure, females face these scenarios almost every day. This is called sexism. Lets talk gender roles in magazines and ads. After doing some research, 78% of the covers of magazines are regarding women bodily appearance, weight loss, dietary habits etc. The point of these weight-related messages are to tell the women who are discriminated as big or fat that being skinny or slim is the key to having a better life. Womens magazines focus on improving ones life by changing their appearance. Instead of being supportive, why do we have to discriminate? Some men also made negative comments towards heavier women. One big thing is the target audience for all this discrimination towards women which is called social media, also known as the big stage. Instagram, Snapchat, Periscope, Music.ly, Facebook etc. are some examples. People use these apps/websites to say whatever they want behind a profile. People that make judgements or say things can put an influence on others viewing and they would think its acceptable to bash others. What about the magazines with men on the covers? I asked myself. After surfing the web some more, I saw magazine covers with men that targeted their hair, perfume launches, clothing lines etc. Mens magazines focus on hobbies, expanding knowledge and other activities. I recently read an article called Young Women Learn Harmful Gender Stereotypes from Reality Tv. They mentioned the famous tv show called The Bachelor. This is based on a woman who chooses a man among multiple men. The man must match her needs and wants she expect. When the woman chooses the man, its now his turn to say whether he wants this woman or not. I think its unfair because its basically a choice being made based on how the woman looks. This world is a male-dominated culture. Some people assume that doctors and pilots can be a man job. Men are featured nearly as twice as women are on television. Women are more featured in music videos and more sexually-related programs. Some people assume that doctors and pilots c an be a man job. The development of identity towards women and female adolescents in magazines, reality tv shows or even tv commercials portray the female gender unfairly. They show unrealistic beauty norms. Most of these people are photo shopped onto images and the media and are claimed to be flawless. The word flawless is used to paint a picture about women and it tells that they are only beautiful if they look a certain way. Perfect. Other women may feel insecure when they see things like that, causing them to have a low self-esteem. Having a low self-esteem can do a lot of damaging to ones life. People harm their selves or even end up killing themselves. Instead of helping to prevent problems like this, the media is creating it. There needs to a stop to grouping women and teen girls based on how they look, how rich they are and or what they wear. Why do we have to categorize? In some countries around the world, women are not respected as much. For instance, Japan. Women in Japan are not treated equally and do not have the opportunity as other women do around the world. In Japan men have essential roles just because of who they are, males. Women arent allowed to have a job if they have a family (husband and kids) and are expected to stay at home and maintain the household and the children. Why cant a woman have a job? Why cant women do what a man does in Japan? We need answers to these questions and unfair treatments. There are other women who are also unfairly treated in other countries. They want to speak out but why cant they have a voice and rights? Where are women rights in other countries? Women are judged too much and need to have choices and rights like men do. Men are favored more than women are. Lets talk culture and status. We have yet to elect a female president. Why? Is women not empowered enough to run a country? Women are paid less than men are for similar jobs. In video games, women are weaker and significantly more helpless. Women characters are sexually provocative than male characters and are less aggressive. Typical video games do not include a female character. Women are always given a weaker position. What are we teaching our fellow younger ones looking on? What examples are we teaching them? What problems are we causing? What are we supporting? These are all questions I think needs to be answered by the media. The things they portray is no help to the society. Its selfish. If a younger woman marries/dates an older man she is often classified as a gold-digger. Some may caricature women as a nag or even Jezebels. Women are looked at as prostitutes when they wear certain clothes or look a certain way. There are so many labels that are placed against a woman for being whom she is, how she looks, her skin color, the way she dresses etc. These types of judgments made to a woman can negatively affect her. For example women can become very emotional. Much research has shown that women experience more stress and anxiety than men due to stereotyping. We need to prevent it. In my opinion, protests now-a-days barely solve any problem(s) caused. I look at it as a legal opportunity to speak your mind with a group of people who agree with you, while holding posters or signs. I do not see it stopping the media from influencing the wrong activities that they paint on society because of money or fame. So many people who work for these companies that delineate stereotyping against women are brainwashed by the money that they are offered. The negative stereotypes against females affect their ability to attain their potential by limiting choices and opportunities on their behalf. We need to recognize how important this issue is and that it matters. The good news is that there are multiple ways to address to society, the problems occurring and what the media is causing. We need to put our thoughts into action and make it come to an end. It is a disgrace that women are treated unfairly and have to experience the feeling of being insecure because the person who they are is not accepted rightfully. So many natural talents and abilities are limited; educational and professional experiences and opportunities in life. I can go on and on about the impacts on womens lives dues the stereotyping but how can we prevent women from feeling discouraged in situations like these in the work place, school or even in public. How can we try to limit women stereotypes around the world? Well of course, not everyone agrees but, women also deserve rights in every country around the world. Creating groups to speak in the public, community centers and on social media can be a start. Anything is possible so why not have a protest so others who also agree can be aware and start something too. Writing letters to congress and to the media explaining how bad discrimination is and to give women their own rights is also a great idea. Women also need to stand strong and know their grounds. Every woman is not the same and may not take being stereotyped lightly. Some may become emotional about it, furious about it while some may not care. Ladies! Separate yourself from the stigma by reminding yourself who you are, what your abilities are, how strong you are and reflect on your achievements every time you are encounter a position like this. Finding humor in difficult situations like these is also a good idea. It is good t o maintain a positive attitude even when things are not right. Talk to yourself and have positive thoughts every day. This trains your mind and who you are to believe that you are strong and nobody or nothing can change your mind. Point out what you think is not right. Whether it is happening at school, a meeting, your workplace or in public, speak for those who do not have a voice. Help one another; after all we are one team. It is important to bring to attention the poor habits contributing to women stereotyping when you witness it, you may start a change in behaviors. Keeping a communication going on can help others realize the impacts of gender biases. We need to get women on board to participate in activities that men usually are a part of. Include women in more jobs. I think that training employees to avoid discrimination can be a big start in the environment. Women stereotyping may not come to a complete end because it is always going to be an ongoing problem due to someone feeling as though women should always be treated as though they do not have a say in anything. The way the media portrays this biasness it reflects on children which causes them to view their gender a certain way. There may not be a definite way to end the discrimination against women but there are ways that can convince the world to have equal treatment step by step.

History and Purposes of Prisons - 884 Words

History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Jeffrey Brown CJA234 July 7,2012 George Chavarria History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Crime has had an impact on society for years, and will continue to do so well into the future. The presence of criminals and criminal acts proved that there was and all ways will be a need for penitentiaries. Correctional facilities no matter if they are prisons, jails, or penitentiaries are all part of the criminal justice system. Their overall goal and objective is to house offenders with the hope to rehabilitate them and reintegrate them into society to have a positive impact. Penitentiaries have a strong history with society and will continue to serve an important purpose within the criminal justice†¦show more content†¦One case that could possibly be made as to early punishment having an advantage over punishment today is that someone would think twice about stealing food if they knew that the punishment would be losing a hand over receiving a fine. History of Prison Development The changes and the improvements of prisons can be linked to the work of William Penn, a former governor of Pennsylvania. Penn changed the way the prison system is run and how it is viewed by people. The early correction facilities allowed inmates to have limited or no rights at all. William Penn chose to take a stand and make changes because of the early prisons and the experiences that he had being a Quaker. The Walnut Street Jail was the first penitentiary in the United States established in 1790 by Benjamin Rush. Seiter (2011), states that â€Å"The Walnut Street Jail created a regimen of hard work and doing penance for their offences†. The Walnut Street Jail served as the template for prisons that were developed after. New prisons strived to do more than to punish offenders by using cruel and sometimes degrading forms of punishment. The basis of the new prisons’ operations was the same as the Walnut Street Jail: to emphasize the opportunity for prisoners to reform themselves through hard work while reflecting on their crimes, Seiter (2011). Even though the new prisons were effective they had their flaws. The Pennsylvania System and the Auburn System The Pennsylvania SystemShow MoreRelatedGrading Stalinist Prison Camp Hq Through The Purposes Of Prisons Through History1244 Words   |  5 PagesGrading Stalinist Prison Camp HQ through the Purposes of Prisons through History The prisons we typically think of in modern American society are distinctly and majorly different from the Stalinist labor camp Ivan Denisovich Shukhov presides in the book, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, but all prisons have four major purposes. These purposes are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. 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Bebop a Controversial Transition to Modern Jazz free essay sample

A Controversial Transition to Modern Jazz Nathan Marketing Muss;c 0711 Professor Leon Dorset Recitation TA: Alton Merely 1 December 10, 2010 The decade of the sasss was an important era in the history of Jazz. The sasss was a transition from traditional Jazz into modern Jazz. Leading this transition was the introduction of the Bebop period in Jazz. Bebop created controversy In the Jazz world for being a contradiction to traditional Jazz and was widely disliked by many audiences across America.Despite its controversy, Bebop, also referred to as Bop, was one of the most important eras In the history of Jazz. The technical creations by some of Bebops greatest musicians Influenced future generations of Jazz musicians and transformed the jazz world into the modern era. The word Bebop, according to Bebop artist Dizzy Gillespie, came from people trying to sing the unique melodic leaps. The singing created a distinct bop sound that led to It being referred to as bop or Bebop music (Brenner and Houseman, p. 14). The rhythm and technicalities of the Bebop style were unlike any other used In Jazz fore.This completely different method of Jazz led to the popular accusation that Bebop was not Jazz and many traditional Jazz artists dismissed it as such. And since Bebop could not be danced to, It was largely dismissed by the public as well for not being Jazz music. Although it Is true that Bebop was not classical Jazz and was not typical dancing music, it was in fact the first type of modern jazz to be recorded. The flatted fifth is the most important interval of Bebop and in traditional jazz the flatted fifth would be considered erroneous. Also characteristic of Bebop are the reverse and racing phrases that appeared as melodic fragments.Bebop music left out every unnecessary note giving it a distinct irregularity that had not been present in jazz before 1940 ( Brenner and Houseman, p. 1 5). Other technical characteristics of Bebop uncommon to traditional Jazz were the Bop improvisations composed mostly of eighth-note and sixteenth-note figures which created Jumps and twists within the music. There were also abrupt changes of direction and large intervals between notes. The rhythms in the lines were fast and unpredictable and were marked with an unprecedented amount of syncopation (Griddle and Cutler, p. 37).The era of Bebop followed the most popular era of Jazz before 1940, the Swing era. The swing era had become a popular culture phenomenon due to its relationship to 1 OFF Jazz to move into other areas of culture other than music and dance. The word Swing became a marketing device for consumer goods from cigarettes to womens clothing. The Swing style conformed to the commercial demands of audiences and as a result became consumed by endlessly repeated rhythms. These rhythms became cliche and too trite for some Jazz artists who wanted to created a more technical and modern style. The Swing style had become too commercialism and, as often is the case in Jazz, the evolution turned in the opposite direction in the form of the Bebop period (Brenner and Houseman, p. 14). Thus Bebop was formed as an intended contradiction to the Swing era. The contradiction to Swing music was so strong that Bebop music faced opposition and was accused of not even being Jazz music. Bebop was founded during World War II by young African American musicians who were tired of the repetition and lack of original creativity of the big bands popular in the Swing era.These musicians wanted to create a new style of music that as played by small bands and featured creative solos and irregular rhythms. The founders of Bebop believed their music could not be as easily copied by big bands led by white composers and would be an exclusive type of Jazz. This style began to form in 1940 from the improvisation that took place during the after-hours Jam sessions among Jazz artists. Bebop developed originally in Kansas City and in clubs (particularly in Moutons Playhouse and Monomers Uptown House) in Harlem where the Bebop style would be focused (Gaiter, p. ). With the leadership of three of the most ammos Jazz musicians, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Theologies Monk, Bebop reached its height in the mid sasss. Charlie Parker was one of the most influential and important soloists in Jazz history and was important to the development of the Bebop style. Parker was born in Kansas City, Kansas on August 29, 1920. In 1927 Charlie Parsers family moved to Kansas City, Missouri, an influential center for African American Jazz music in the 20th century. The rich musical culture in Kansas City fostered the development of the young Charlie Parker who began playing alto saxophone in 1933. After Parker left school in 1935 he pursued a career as a professional musician in Kansas City and played among various blues and Jazz groups. In 1939 Parker visited New York, the national center for the music business at the time, for a year and participated in Jam sessions with other musicians. Parsers time spent in New York left him bored with the cliches of the popular Swing style still very common in America.He envisioned a new style of music, contrary to Swing Jazz, that emphasized a new set of techniques. This new style of music which became Bebop would finally reach maturity in the mid sasss led by Charlie Parker (Patrick). In December 1942 Parker Joined Earl Whines big band along with other young Jazz musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie. During Parsers years with the band, he participated in many after-hours Jam sessions with Dizzy and other musicians at clubs in New York. The musicians were working on the new Bebop style of Jazz which Parker had first envisioned when he visited New York.By 1943 Parker and Dizzy introduced their ideas of Bebop to the band, but their songs were never recorded due to a recording ban in the early sasss. After the recording ban was lifted, Parker and Dizzy formed a quintet to play their Bebop style of music and recorded for the Parker and Dizzy Gillespie musical recognition outside New York which they took with them to Los Angels, California. Parker and Gillespie worked successfully in California to spread Bebop to a national audience. Parker continued his work in California until a nervous breakdown due to his heroin and alcohol addiction caused his confinement in Commercial State Hospital.After his release from the Hospital, Parker returned to New York and formed a quintet with Miles Davis, Duke Jordan, Tommy Potter, and Max Roach. The quintet recorded some of Parsers most famous Bebop pieces, and the years 1947-1951 were Charlie Parsers most productive. The few years left in Parsers life from 1951-1955 were marked with depression and his failing health. Parker lost his performers license in July 1951 and his career fell into sharp decline. Parker attempted suicide twice during the last few years of his life and finally died at the age of thirty four in a Manhattan apartment on March 12, 1955 (Patrick).Charlie Parsers legacy would achieve elite status following his death among the Jazz world as Bebop became more widely accepted by Jazz audiences. Dizzy Gillespie was another influential musician during the Bebop period. Dizzy was born in Chewer, South Carolina on October 21, 1917. At a young age Tizzys musical proficiency was evident when he taught himself to play the trombone and trumpet and later the coronet. Dizzy attended the Laurelling Institute and played trumpet in the school band. In 1937 Dizzy moved to New York and earned a Job with Teddy Hills big band and toured in Europe.Dizzy played with various bands while in New York and while on Tour in 1940 Dizzy met Charlie Parker, and soon he began participating in the after-hours Jam sessions with Parker that led to the creation of Bebop. In 1941 Dizzy worked with many Jazz leaders including Lucky Milliner and Earl Hines. By 1944 Dizzy had recorded near-bop music and Joined Billy Stockinets bebop band along with Charlie Parker. At the same time Dizzy was playing for Billy Stickiness, he recorded some of his own small group bebop pieces with Charlie Parker including Salt Peanuts and Hot House. Dizzy and Parsers collaboration continued when they formed a quintet in 1945 which lasted a few years. Tizzys desire to lead a big band led him to form many big bands in the years following the sasss; and his efforts as a pioneer in modern Jazz helped cement his legacy as one of the great artists of Jazz. Dizzy Gillespie died in Englewood, New Jersey on January 6, 1993 (Owens). The incredible talent and popularity of Dizzy on his trumpet contributed to and helped spread the Bebop style. Theologies Monk along with Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie also contributed to the Bebop style of Jazz.Monk was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina on October 10, 1917 and at the age of four he moved to New York. In the early sasss he became the house pianist at Moutons Playhouse in Harlem where he collaborated with Parker and Gillespie to formulate the Bebop style. Monk continued to work in Bebop music and performed in Tizzys orchestra in 1944 (Blake). Much of Monks music career was not focused during the Bebop era, but his contribution to the founding of Bebop made him an important artist to Bebop music.Monk was the most famous Bebop pianist in the sasss and he continued playing Jazz piano for the remainder of his music career achieving worldwide renown. The Bebop style was developed by some of Jazz history most talented artists. Even though Bebop music was composed by incredible music geniuses, it remained controversial Bebop was generally disliked by the white fans of Jazz music and traditional African American Jazz musicians. Many traditional Jazz audiences and artists in reaction to this new turn in evolution in Jazz oriented themselves backward toward the basic forms of Jazz.There was a New Orleans Jazz revival during the sasss in response to the Bebop era, and simple music was demanded by the mass Jazz audience. The revival did not last long among the African American musicians because the revival soon turned to cliches and simplified forms of traditional Jazz, but it remained popular among the white audiences (Brenner and Houseman, p. 16) The Bebop period seemed to be a great antagonist to traditional Jazz and the New Orleans Revival. This antagonist aura of Bebop subjected its highly talented musicians to ridicule and contributed to the lack of support from the music business for Bebop music.Bebop did, however, have a large following among the young African American audience. Many of the African American artists who played Bebop music were young and related to a young audience. Many young African Americans no longer supported jazz the way they once did and thus accepted Bebop for its anti-traditional Jazz sound. Bebop was most popular among African American populations in big cities above the Mason- Dixon Line. The white audience rejected Bebop mainly because it did not have a regular step count and they could not dance to it.But despite Bebops irregular rhythm, African Americans figured a way to make the fast tempos by cutting time in half, and they were dancing to the music. By cutting time in half they could incorporate old dances such as the Lindy Hop or new dances such as the The Apple lace, (Gaiter, p. 5). Bebop did not appeal to a mass audience and earn as much revenue like the Swing movement, but more importantly it created an identity for the young African American population in the sasss Bebop music was not received well y the masses, but the impact it would have on the modern Jazz movement would prove its great importance in Jazz history.Over the years since 1940 Bebop has become the quintessential form of classical modernity in Jazz. A revival in Bebop, that nobody predicted, occurred in the sasss and is still continuing into the twenty first century. The importance of Bebop to new generations of Jazz artists can be summed up in a quote from Scott Devalue, a renowned author and professor of Jazz: In order to understand Jazz, you have to understand bebop (Brenner and Houseman, p. 17). The pioneers of Bebop, Parker, Gillespie, Monk, and others, propelled the Jazz world out of the classical era into the modern era.

Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) Essay Example

Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) Essay The following report will discuss American retail giant, Wal-mart’s current ethical and business objectives. The report will look at Wal-mart’s employee relations in regard to discrimination and other various issues involving their employees. It will look at how their ethical stance contradicts with what has gone on in the past regarding associates (employees) and management. We will also look at their business objectives or as Wal-mart calls them – â€Å"comparable store sales†, where they measure the sales on a like for like basis from the previous year. Included will be Wal-Mart’s sustainability report, and Wal-Mart’s ethical statement. The report will look at what Wal-mart does for employees and what has been reported by employees and watch-dogs and draw up conclusions. And what current legislative trend they’re reported to be ignoring or not practicing what they preach. Wal-mart’s ethical perspective on employee relations and their commitment to being ethical. In the workplace there are many issues on employee relations; Pay, sex, race, religion, disability and equal opportunities are a few of the issues Wal-mart will deal with. For Wal-mart to embrace everyone in the workplace, they set out a social responsibility report on diversity for their employees. Wal-mart’s statement of ethics even encourages whistle blowing; â€Å"All of us should constantly work to maintain a working environment that encourages associates to raise concerns about possible violations of our Statement of Ethics. Often we hear stories of other companies where employees were aware of problems, but did not feel comfortable coming forward. No one should feel that way at Wal-mart. Please report possible ethics problems immediately so they can be resolved before more serious consequences develop†. Wal-mart statement of ethics) Wal-mart has three ethical basic beliefs – Respect for the individual, Service to our customers and striving for excellence. These beliefs are from the Wal-marts founding father, Sam Walton. Sam would never have realised Wal-mart would be posting quarterly net profits in 2010 of ? 2. 9 billion. C hristine Seib, Times (2010). Wal-mart also has guidelines for all employees to follow: and †¢Always act with integrity †¢Lead with integrity, and expect others to work with integrity. †¢Follow the laws at all times †¢Be honest and fair Reveal and report all information truthfully, without manipulation or misrepresentation We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢ Work, actions and relationships outside of your position with the company should be free of any conflicts of interest †¢Respect and encourage diversity and never discriminate against anyone †¢Ask your manager or Global Ethics Office for help if you have any questions about this statement, or if you face an ethical problem †¢Promptly report all violations of the statement of ethics †¢Cooperate with and maintain the private nature of any investigation of a possible ethics violation †¢When involved in an ethics investigation, you should reveal all information truthfully, you should present all facts truthfully, without bias or judgement (Wal-mart statement of ethics) Wal-mart’s ethical perspective could be described a teleological as they work for the greater good for all their stakeholders. Community, suppliers, employees, shareholders and environment are the many issues Wal-mart tackles when striving for excellence. They believe in doing whatâ⠂¬â„¢s right to achieve their company objectives. Wal-mart’s ethical statement covers directors, employees and third party associates like suppliers. They’re expected to abide by these have a basic understanding of the statement, since memorising the whole policy is not realistic. However, Wal-mart operates in many countries that have their own laws on business and Wal-mart recognises they need to adapt to each country’s laws. Their statement of ethics is generic in that it’s issued to all stores and stakeholders around the world but it is able to be built into other countries legislative laws. â€Å"Don’t compromise your reputation. It’s a precious commodity. Don’t compromise your integrity, have a good name† (Sam Walton). A defining quote from Wal-mart’s founding father on how he believes A person should live by in the work place. In dealing with ethical issues Wal-mart have an â€Å"open door process† where they encourage all associates to use if they believe to see unethical actions being taken by fellow colleagues or any other stakeholder in Wal-mart. Or they can contact The Global Ethics office to report any concern. Various means of Harassment is not tolerated in Wal-mart and it’s considered a violation of one the three basic beliefs; â€Å"respect for the individual†. Harassment is defined as â€Å"Any conduct which inappropriately or unreasonably interferes with work performance, diminishes the dignity of any person, or creates an intimidating or otherwise hostile working environment â€Å". (Wal-mart statement of ethics). One the main reasons people go to work is for their physicology needs (salary) and Wal-mart make it clear in their ethics statement that the comply with state or national laws regarding pay. Managers in the business are expected to carry this out fairly without discrimination. It’s also a violation for managers to forces colleagues to work off the clock. It is a violation of law and Wal-Mart policy for you to work without compensation or for a supervisor (hourly or salaried) to request that you work without compensation. You should Never perform any wo rk for Wal-Mart without compensation†. (Wal-Mart statement of ethics). ? At Wal-mart, the company takes conflicts of interest seriously and they expect you to tell your manager before if one might arise. The conflict could be for financial gain for yourself or the other party. Examples of conflicting financial investments are: †¢Financial interest in a vendor of Wal-mart, if you have direct or indirect involvement in our business with that vendor. Substantial financial interest in a competitor. †¢Receiving personal compensation from a vendor, if you have direct or indirect involvement with our business concerning that vendor. †¢Using confidential company information for personal gain. †¢Ownership of stock in a competitor with a market value in excess of $20,000 must be disclosed in writing to the Global Ethics Office. The Global Ethics Office will decide whether or not a conflict, or potential conflict, exists and how it should be handled. †¢Wal-mart encourages associates not to have social or other relationships with suppliers if the relationship would give the perception that a business influence is being exerted. We believe in basing our relationships with suppliers on efficient, fair and lawful business practices (statement of ethics) Wal-mart will support and encourage any associate believed to be influenced by another party that may have interests in Wal-mart. Any colleague should report it to their manager or Global Ethics Office. At Wal-mart, the company expects personal relationships kept to minimum, that they don’t accept gifts from others for performing work that they’re paid to do. They have strict financial regulations so as any insider trading can be dealt with, and expect associates (employees) to â€Å"whistle blow† about possible poor financial practises. Wal-mart will only hire a person that has the right to work in the country they’re applying to work in or have the relevant visas that gives them the right to work. â€Å"We strive to be good corporate citizens. Therefore, we may not hire, recruit, or refer for a fee, anyone not legally authorized to work in the country in which employment is sought. It is our responsibility to inspect, verify, and document the identity and employment authorization of every new associate, including associates who are international expatriates on assignment in a foreign country. We are also responsible for re-verifying the continuing employment eligibility of each associate by requesting further documentation when the initial work authorization has expired. All persons we hire or send to a foreign country on an expatriate or transition assignment must provide proper documentation and verification of their authorization to work in the country where they are to be employed. In complying with immigration laws, it is important to follow our policy against employment discrimination on the basis of national origin or possible citizenship status. We require all employment agencies, contractors and others doing business with us to fully comply with all Immigration laws. † (Statement of ethics). One of the big issues of today – is health and safety, and Wal-mart takes the health and safety of their associates seriously and conducts themselves in an ethical manner. The company would be seen to act in a teleological manner as if they don’t just act lawfully, but for the greater good of their customers and associates. â€Å"We’re committed to the health and safety of our customers, members, and associates, because we care for one another. Conducting our business in compliance with all health and Safety laws are crucial to protecting each other from harm. As an associate of Wal-mart, always comply with all relevant health and safety laws and policies. By following these, we can create and maintain a safe shopping and working environment for our customers, members, and associates. † (Wal-mart’s statement of ethics) Providing associates with health cover is seen as important to the company and more importantly, their associates as health care in the States can be very expensive for people on the minimum wage. Wal-marts statement of ethics is for the employees of Wal-mart and expected it be followed at all times. Any violation of the statement will dealt with and can lead to dismissal from Wal-mart. Having read through Wal-mart’s statement of ethics, it’s clear they take the welfare of all associates importantly and work for the greater good of all their stakeholders. Their ethical approach would be described as ‘utilitarianism’. Mike Duke, President and CEO at Wal-mart has stated the importance of being ethical; â€Å"We also must continue assuming the later role that Lee helped us realize we can play in the world. People have been asking me, â€Å"Mike, during these difficult times, can we afford to do things like sustainability, responsible Sourcing, associate opportunity and health care? † Every time my response has been, â€Å"We can’t afford not to. † At Wal-Mart, we have an opportunity and a responsibility to lead in the world. Sustainability is a permanent part of our culture. It helps us remove waste†. A very clear and concise statement from Wal-mart’s figurehead that Wal-mart must be ethical to compete and grow in today’s business world. Business Objectives: Like any multinational company, they have to plan for the future and draw up future forecasts on how the business will perform. Stakeholders rely on these and in particular, shareholders, as they look for bigger return on their investment through share dividends. For 2010, Wal-mart has forecast their sales of a comparable store sales basis and due to their international business sector and the volatility of the international currency they draw up accruals of 10% each year so as they can continue to profit from all business sectors. Wal-mart realise the global economy is unstable but with continued investment of ? 12. 5 to ? 13. 5 billion pounds, they intend to grow and give the very best in service so-as customers can live their lives cheaper everyday. Wal-mart’s shareholders expect a fair return on their investment and in 2009; they received 19. 3% return on their investment. Payments are split into four quarters and Wal-mart has said they’ll be paying out more dividends in 2010 because of the growth in profits. However, when key objectives are set, the pressure to achieve these goals can be intense and lead to stress and bullying from management. It can also lead to discrimination from managers because that individual manager might want short term success and will over look woman, older people, younger people or minority groups in favour of the your stereotyped American. Though, it’s stated that long planning is important, goals are generally short term with a year to achieve business objectives, this leads to poor decision making and bad man management of the colleagues at Wal-mart. It’s very easy to delegate objectives and expectations but there must be a line drawn between what has to be done and what can be done! When dealing with people, there must a motivating factor above your normal everyday needs to strive to be the best, so at Wal-mart, the company has a share scheme that all employees are a part of and bonus structure that all employees can benefit from of they give that little bit extra. Victor Vroom stated that the bigger the reward the bigger the motivations to achieve objectives are. Bonuses and share schemes are two of the ways Wal-mart look to influence their staff to go the extra mile. Wal-mart sees its rewards schemes as another ethical behavioural objective that is done fairly and without prejudice. If Wal-mart is to prevent any conflict between business objectives and employee relations, the objectives must be realistic and the right people must be in the right place at the right time with the right tools to do the job. ? Wal-mart’s employee relations from a different perspective: Wal-mart comes across as very proud of their stance within the business ethics community and has taken steps over the years to improve on their statement of ethics. Business ethics continues to grow and evolve all the time and Wal-mart has to date, kept up with those. However, all is not gone according to plan, or in the case of Wal-mart, their statement of ethics. Countless lawsuits and bad press regarding many ethical issues has arisen due to Wal-mart’s conduct when doing business or managing their own colleagues (associates). There ave been many, many cases of poor relations between employees and management over the years and Wal-mart’s staunch anti-union policy has done the c ompany no favours in the public arena. A quick Google of â€Å"Wal-mart’s employee relations† brings up literally thousands of cases where colleagues has felt victimised, bullied, harassed and discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race and religion. Firstly, we’ll look at a few cases regarding Wal-mart’s reputation with her colleagues, and then look at a case that will be the largest of its kind in American history. â€Å"Wal-Mart has a long history of opposing unionization. Sam Walton was notorious for trying to keep unions out of his stores. In fact, Walton hired union-busting lawyer John E. Tate to quash some of the earliest efforts to organize stores in Missouri. Despite a successful unionization effort in China, Wal-Mart will not budge from its position in the United States and Canada. However, with the election of Barack Obama and the potential passage of the Employee Free Choice Act, Wal-Mart is clearly afraid that its anti-worker practices of the last half century might be coming to a close. Wal-Mart says its associates do not need a union. Wal-Mart Watch, however, believes that after years of low wages, expensive health care benefits, and poor working conditions, Wal-Mart workers can finally see a light at the end of the tunnel†. Wal-martwatch (http://walmart. 3cdn. net/0bd88c4e9b5666361b_okm6bnxer. pdf) â€Å"In February 2000, ten employees of the Wal-Mart meat department in a Jacksonville, Texas store elected United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) as their union. Wal-Mart immediately ended their entire network of in-store butcher departments. The compa ny refused to recognize and negotiate with the meat cutters union, and instead traded the work of experienced employees for the convenience of pre-cut and pre-packaged meats†. [Occupational Health Safety, 3/16/08] After taking the case to the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, UFCW was faced with a test they simply could not pass. The court ruled that UFCW failed the legal standard ‘community of-interest test’ and a unanimous three-judge appellate panel upheld Wal-Mart’s right to eliminate butcher departments ruling they had no particularly special skills. The court placed the incident as analogous to a typical closing, effectively cutting butchers out of the picture for good†. [Occupational Health Safety, 3/16/08] A very damming report about how ruthless Wal-mart can be to keep the union out and keep control of employees. Another report goes onto say how they influence, or try to influence how colleagues vote: â€Å"More recently, it was revealed that Wal-Mart has been warning its hourly supervisors of the likelihood of unionization if Democrats won the November election. One supervisor said: â€Å"I am not a stupid person. They were telling me how to vote. Workers say they used intimidation by emphasizing all the negative effects of unionization and warning them if the Employee F ree Choice Act passed, it would speed up the union process. [Wall Street Journal, 8/1/08] All of these reports and more are cited in â€Å"www. walmartwatch. com†, but what has to be realised is – these type of blogs usually come from people who have an axe to grind or have bad experiences in the past, resulting in bias reporting. What is interesting is the website cites all its information and they’re from major publications such as† The Wall Street Journo† and governmental websites. Yes. The site only picks up on the negative but the amount of bad press and lawsuits are quite surprising for a multinational company that preaches ethical businesses practices. It’d be fair to say on the evidence of lawsuits and bad press, Wal-mart are taking a ‘relative’ approach to business. Wal-mart, a typical business that will cut costs to increase profits as much as drive sales, and Wal-mart’s way has been to force colleagues to work off the clock and skip tea breaks: Armijo v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. State: New Mexico Class Size: 10,000 estimated Current Status: Ongoing; Class Action Summary: On June 12, 2007, the Court of Appeals for the State of New Mexico upheld a district court decision certifying Armijo as a class action. According to the plaintiffs’ complaint, it is alleged that Wal-Mart’s corporate policies and practices are geared towards promoting the maximization of profits hrough the minimization of labor costs, creating an environment where hourly employees work off the clock and through meal and rest breaks. In addition to statistical analysis of clocking in and clocking out patterns, plaintiffs poi nt to an internal Wal-Mart audit first referenced in Iliadis v. Wal-Mart (see below), known as the â€Å"Shipley Audit. † The audit, prepared in July 2000, revealed numerous failures by Wal-Mart to comply with Wal-Mart’s own rest and meal break policies, and warned that â€Å"Wal-Mart may face several adverse consequences as a result of staffing and scheduling not being prepared appropriately. †iv An interesting note on this case is the claim for breach of contract. The plaintiffs will be required to prove that Wal-Mart was contractually obligated to provide rest breaks for its employees, that a missed rest break constitutes a breach of that contract, and that the breach resulted in damages to the employees. The Court of Appeals agreed that whether a contract actually exists is a question common to the class, and pointed out that Wal-Mart does have a written policy regarding rest breaks that applies to all hourly employees. At trial, under review will be the employee handbook, oral orientation sessions, and the uniformity of orientation sessions and employment policies from store to store. (http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf) ? Carter v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. State: South Carolina Estimated Class Size: 100,000 Current Status: Ongoing; Class Action Summary: On August 7, 2007, Charleston County Circuit Court Judge Perry M. Buckner III ruled Wal-Mart must face a class of more than 100,000 South Carolina employees claiming wage and hour violations. Wal-Mart workers in South Carolina filed suit in 2001 claiming Wal-Mart forced them to work through breaks and off the clock. Similar to previous cases, the claims stem from complaints of understaffing, resulting in workers having to skip breaks and work before or past normal shifts in order to compensate. (http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf) Both these cases are a drop in the ocean and clicking onto the website you’ll find eight pages of class actions from employees against Wal-mart regarding pay, meal and rest breaks. What it doesn’t state however, is the states own laws which leads me to believe, Wal-mart is relative in its approach to managing colleagues and conducts its self in a manner that `when in Rome do as the Romans do’. A classic relative approach to business ethics. Wal-mart need to be more `absolute’ in their ethical approach and practice what they preach! The most recent class action and potentially the biggest in American history is six women, who worked in 13 Wal-mart stores between them, are taking their case to the Supreme Court alleging systematic sexism by Wal-mart’s employers. The claim women are paid less for doing the same jobs and are un-favoured when it comes to advancement within the company. Wal-mart have argued that Wal-mart is a great place for woman to work and that they encourage and foster great woman leaders. They’ve also argued the class action of one million women is too big and unmanageable. However, the court ruled that the size of the class action isn’t too big and that it must be heard as all companies, big or small, must comply with the law. The case can be found at: http://abcnews. go. com/WN/Business/wal-mart-sex-discrimination-case-trial/story? id=10480510page=1 The case was submitted in 2001 and is now being heard nine years later in 2010. The potential cost of the case could run into billions of Dollars and the reputation of Wal-mart, worldwide, is now up for scrutiny. ? Solutions that Wal-mart should take: Wal-mart would be wise to look up the history of poor ethical practices from other multinationals on how they come about a decision and action plan for going forward and becoming the teleological company they say they are. Firstly, Cadbury’s, who are renowned throughout the world for their ethical approach and virtue policies. Cadbury’s, in July 2007, the company was fined ? 1 million and lost trade and respect for not practicing what they preach. Cadbury’s soon came out and apologised for the food safety offence and soon after, gained back the lost trade and its reputation in a relatively quick period. The company has reaffirmed its virtue approach to business ethics. Then secondly, Toyota, one of the world’s biggest car manufacturers, was recently in the spotlight for producing cars with faulty breaks and clutches. The company at first seemed to ignore the problem and refused to recall the cars made in the timeframe that had faults. But, after around two months, they started to recall the cars and make way to apologise, though at first the apology didn’t seem to heartfelt according to how the Japanese do apologies via the presidents body language. It seems Toyota have a long to before it she recovers her reputation and can put out its adds with the slogan â€Å"the car in front is a Toyota†. A phrase coined because of the popularity of the cars. Wal-mart can also look closer to home, as ASDA, their UK subsidiary, is continually listed in the top 10 companies to work for in the UK. ASDA achieves this by taking the virtue approach to managing her colleagues and valuing the colleagues’ contribution to her success. If Wal-mart reflects back on its behaviour and realises it hasn’t been practising what it preaches, then Wal-mart can move forward and build relationships with its people. The workers are at the forefront of Wal-mart’s success because they’re in touch with customers and suppliers. Wal-mart needs to take an absolute or virtue approach to doing business and do what they claim to do in their statement of ethics. The policies and procedures are there, Wal-mart needs to use them appropriately. The company directors can easily blame their management team and due the size of the company, problems will exist but not on the scale of today. Company directors are the figureheads of Wal-mart and need to recognise they’re responsible for what happens at ground level as well as board room level. ? What’s in it for Wal-mart? There is no doubting the success of Wal-mart and their standing in the world as the world’s biggest retailers. But how they go about it is questionable, with so many `horror’ stories, class action law suits, press and media reports the company has much to improve on. By building bridges and apologising for their actions, the company can be even more successful that it has been. The workers will want to do better for Wal-mart and show greater loyalty and enthusiasm that clearly doesn’t exist. It’ll be easier to motivate the workers because they’ll feel appreciated. Shop floor workers are the first impressions customers get of Wal-mart and if they see happy, friendly and courteous staff, it’ll be even easier to retain customers than before. On the international stage, host countries will be keen to see Wal-mart in their country and would see Wal-mart as the leading light in business ethics. To be seen as a leader in your own industry can lead to bigger and greater things. It could see Wal-mart and all its associates across the globe, benefit! All stakeholders can benefit from Wal-mart changing their image through greater sales, income, share dividends, supplier prices and community events. The environment will benefit too, as Wal-mart with nearly 5000 stores worldwide, there is the danger of their actions can help play their part in restoring the local environment. ? Bibliography: Page 3: Wal-mart’s statement of ethics pdf file, Christine Seib, Times (2010) Page 4-7: Wal-mart’s statement of ethics pdf file, financial condition Wal-mart pdf file Page 8: http://walmart. 3cdn. net/0bd88c4e9b5666361b_okm6bnxer. pdf, Occupational Health Safety Page 9: http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf Page 10: http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf Page 11-12: Business Ethics (Tom Sorell John Hendry) 1994