Math Modeling For Economics

Modeling is crucial in economics because it is used in place of the real experiments that could be expensive, time consuming, and dangerous. Mathematical models describe situations with a few words using tools and theorems for making general statements. Here, the focus is on how to explicitly state assumptions with a clear and precise ease of making multi dimensionality descriptions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Math Modeling For Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In economics different mathematical models have been developed to address certain market trends and behaviors such as demand and supply with time. One such is the models related to competitive markets. The product demand and supply and price changes are dynamic aspects of the system and can be modeled through a differential equation with a constant solution referred to as the equilibrium of the equation. Here, x(t) = f (x) (equilibrium equati on)- definition Based on the above definition, the linear differential equation can be expressed as: x + u (t) = w (t) In this case, w (t) and u (t) are functions of t in the above expression. The homogeneous case here is u (t) =a and w (t) =0 giving the solution for the differential expression: x + ax =0 as x (t) =Ae-at. In this case A is taken as an arbitrary constant. The case for a non-homogeneous situation is x + ax = b where b≠ 0 and a =0,as solution is x (t) =bt +A providing a solution with known initial state x(0) as given by:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More x (t) = {x(0)-b/a} e-at +b/a A typical example is the demand and supply mentioned in the above scenario. The dynamics of a price of a single commodity is considered. The demand and supply function is stated as below: Qd=a1-b1P, Qs=a2-b2P, both satisfy the condition aj, bj0. In the above expressions, Qd and Q s are respective values for the demand and supply for the given price P within the parameters aj and bj. If the price changes are taken with the changes in time t, excess demand proportional to the time t is Qd– Qs expressed as P (t) =m (((Qd (t) – Qs (t))), where m0 When substituted: P (t) + m (b1+b2) P = m (a1+a2) giving the solution shown here:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Math Modeling For Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case Satisfying the general case: In this case, the problem related to the above model is demand and supply of a product and its effect on price with time illustrated as x (t) = f (x). This essay on Math Modeling For Economics was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Directions for a Child Meteorologists Workstation

Directions for a Child Meteorologist's Workstation A home weather station can entertain your kids regardless of the season. Theyll also learn about weather patterns and the science behind sunny skies and rainy days. The more fun you make your home weather station activities, the more your kids will engross themselves in this fun learning activity. They wont even realize theyre learning as they tackle this science experiment for kids of all ages while the whole family gauges the weather together Rain Gauge No home weather station would be complete without a rain gauge. Your kids can measure everything from the amount of rain thats fallen to how much snow has accumulated. You can buy a rain gauge or its easy enough to make your own. Your most basic rain gauge is to simply put a jar outside, let it collect rain or snow and then stick a ruler inside to see how high the precipitation reaches. Barometer A barometer measures air pressure. Monitoring the changes in air pressure is one way to make predictions about the forecast. The most common barometers are Mercury Barometers or Aneroid Barometers.   Hygrometer A hygrometer measures the relative humidity in the air. Its an important tool in helping forecasters predict the weather. You can buy a hygrometer for about $5. Weather Vane Record the winds direction with a weather vane. The weather vane swivels when the wind blows to show you the direction the breeze is coming from so your kids can record it. Kids can also learn if the wind is blowing north, south, east or west with a weather vane in their home weather station. Anemometer While the weather vane measures the direction the wind is blowing, an anemometer measures the winds speed. Make your own anemometer with items you can find at a hardware store. Use your new anemometer with the weather vane to record wind direction and speed. Windsock A windsock is a more simple way to identify wind direction and speed as opposed to solely using a weather vane and anemometer. Its also fun for kids to watch the sock fly in the wind. Make your own windsock out of a shirt sleeve or pant leg. Your windsock can be flying in about an hour. Compass Even if your weather vane has the N, S, W and E points of direction, kids love holding a compass in their hands. A compass can help kids identify wind direction, which way the clouds are rolling in and can also teach kids how to navigate. Be sure the kids know the compass is for the weather station only. Compasses are an easy buy so if you think your compass will end up on a childs bike or in their backpack instead of staying with the weather station, pick up a few so you can always have one in place. Weather Journal A kids weather journal can have basic information within its pages or be as detailed as you want. Younger children can draw a picture of a sunshine and the letter to mark the winds direction. Older children can record the date, todays weather, wind speed, direction, humidity levels and make weather predictions based on their findings.

Pick A Team Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pick A Team - Coursework Example This organization maintains mainly three websites named as â€Å"The red Cross Website†, â€Å"The History of The Red Cross†, and â€Å"The Clara Barton National Historic Site†. The Chairman of Board of governors is responsible for the operation of ARC in United States, and US president is the honorary chairman of the Red Cross. The most attractive feature of American Red Cross is that it offers services to beneficiaries without any discrimination on the basis of nationality, sex, race, economical class, religious beliefs, or political opinions (ICRC, 1996). The ARC is governed by volunteers and funded by community donations. In addition, income from health and safety products and blood products also add to the operating funds of the ARC. The major characteristic feature of this organization is that it is a nationwide network having more than 650 chapters and 36 blood services divisions which are fully dedicated to people in need (Community Resources Guide). ARC has millions of volunteers who are always ready to dedicate their services to disaster relief and they are the absolute assets of the organization. ARC’s main areas of focus include community services, communication services for military members, collection and distribution of blood products, educational programs, and international relief and welfare programs.

Consideration In Total Quality Environment Essay

Consideration In Total Quality Environment - Essay Example Consideration in a total quality environment is to take care of all employees. It is the duty of the leaders to take care of the needs of their subordinates and to keep them motivated at all levels of management. Consideration is considered very important as it is the key to keep up the spirits of the employees and makes them loyal to the organization. Giving employees a sense of belonging to the organization is very crucial in increasing productivity which in turn increases the sales and profit margins gradually (Gupta & Valarmathi, 178). For this very reason many scholars have formed various models in order to retrench employee motivation through extended consideration like the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory and Fredrick Herzberg’s motivator – hygiene factors theory. Consideration in the context of Total quality management needs to be implemented at all levels as in total quality control environments the quality of the productivity of all employees has to be in good health and furthermore enhanced. Consideration is not only to take care of employees needs but it also deals with providing them with a vision to work towards as without a given direction employees tend to feel alienated from the organization. To keep employees productive and satisfied they should not only be given monetary benefits but also a set of goals and tasks that have to be accomplished within a given amount of time. This helps the employees to be satisfied with their job as they feel that they are linked with the foremost working aspects of the organization (Wu?stenhagen, 228). Therefore consideration is one of the core elements in total quality management as without proper employee consideration leadership and management an organization will not be able to succeed the qualit y of its productivity, its services and its organization and/or production processes. Consideration is now given a priority even in the organizations which are far from the total quality concept as employees are the backbone and without a strong backbone an organization cannot succeed (Total Quality Management, 312). INITIATING STRUCTURE Initiating structure is to organize the order in which information flows within the levels of the organization and the accountability of an employee to its superior, in simpler context it means getting people organized. It is also the way in which a leader sets and creates expectations for their subordinates and holds the employees accountable. Organizational structure is very important as it is responsible for a smooth flow of decisions, duties, goals and information from the up to downstream of employees. All activities are allocated in the best way to achieve the strategies and objectives of the organization. Initiating structure is to lay down a foundation of operating procedures on which routine tasks are placed and organized. It also helps to define the importance of one individual over another through their position in the organization and also decides which individuals in the organization are responsible for decision making processes. Without a definite structure an organization is more likely to break apart. In a total quality environment it is important to see if the structure of the organization is prominent enough to give the employees a direction and understanding of how things are carried out and how tasks are performed. A lack in the initiation of structure will result in ambiguity of tasks and actions of the employees, noise in the information flow and eventually directly affect the productivity of all employees. Total quality management refers to the improvement of all aspects of the organization to improve productivity on the whole and so without proper initiation of structure the total quality management pri nciple holds no value. CONCLUSION There are two types of leaders one who give importance to consideration and others who consider initiation of structure more important than consideration. Moreover, in several research

The Production Function for Buses - Edgeworth Box Assignment

The Production Function for Buses - Edgeworth Box - Assignment Example Our function will reproduce increasing returns to scale. This means that with an accumulation of production factors volume of produced goods will grow. To find a number of buses with every combination of production factors, it is necessary to substitute each number of employees and the number of machines for K and L indicators. Hence, if a number of machines are 14 and number of employees who make buses is 5, the calculation of production output will be the following: In accordance with above example, we can calculate all the rest level of production. (K=10, L=3): (K=8, L=1): etc. From the table, we can also see that in accordance with the accumulation of employees, the number of produced buses grows. Part (B) Make an ‘Edgeworth box’ diagram for the production of buses in Utropica: put the number of employees making buses on the horizontal axis (0 to 6), and a number of machines used to make buses on the vertical axis (0 to 16). Draw an isoquant line for 5 buses. On the same diagram, add an isoquant for 7 buses, and an isoquant for 10 buses. To draw an ‘Edgeworth box’ diagram for the production of a specific number of buses, it is required to find all combinations of factors that are able to create the stated level of production. Hence, using a table above, it can be seen that 5 buses can be produced by 10 machines and 1 employee or 8 machines and 2 employees. So there are several alternatives for this output. Consequently, finding all possible combinations, we receive points that will form the isoquant line on the diagram. Using the same method, we find combinations of the factors for producing 7 buses.

Fast Food: Effects and Implications

Fast Food: Effects and Implications Any food that has poor nutritional value is considered unhealthy and may be called Fast Food. A food that is high in fat and sodium is known as fast food. It is easy to carry, purchase and consume. Generally, fast food is given a very attractive appearance by adding colors to enhance flavor, texture and appearance. It has high level of calories. Fast food is also known as junk food, processed food, and ready-meals. They are zero in nutritional value. They have only fats lying in it causing ill effects on the health of the consumer. The taste is the most attractive feature in fast foods. And once children are in a restaurant, unhealthy foods overshadow healthy ones on the menu. In most cases, unhealthy food such as French fries automatically come as sides with a meal, rather than the more healthy options, such as apples, that are shown in commercials. Their contents are rich in sodium salts and fats which provide high calories yet useless in value. A quick look at fast food tells us f ast food and diet does not go hand in hand. Perhaps this is the reason why fast foods are also called as empty calorie foods. Nevertheless, junk foods are popular because of their simplicity to manufacture, consume and of course, their taste. People have their own notions about a certain food being listed as fast food. However, chocolates, burgers, pizzas, potato wafers and fries will surely find their way in to everyones list. The habit of taking in fast food is seen particularly with children, teenage and young adult and in the long run it can tell on their health. The main factor that attracts people to eat fast food is their taste. Their taste must be substituted with food that is cooked well and delicious, but at the same time healthy for the body while intake eating salad and fruits must be taken up and even increased. Remember, fast foods are empty calories. An empty calorie lacks in micro-nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, but has high energy (calories). In order to know the impact of fast food, a simple questionnaire has been prepared. The students-group has selected the respondents of teenagers particularly undergraduates, both male and female. Some of them are habituated, where as some they have suffered a lot. The article is based on, face to face interaction. Thus, in general, it is the study of 1000 respondents and in particular, a sample of a group of 30 respondents and based on both primary and secondary sources of information. Following are the significant observations from the information provided by the respondents. Most of the respondents are aware about the ingredients used in fast food which they purchase from the nearby stalls, hotels, restaurants, canteens tec. The fast food experiences by the respondents include burgers. Respondents prefer burgers over pizza. They opinioned that it is different from daily food, tasty and economical. They said that they are attracted towards fast food through advertisements, convinced by the friend. They experienced that the fast food is harmful for the health of human being. As fast foods dont provide you with essential nutrients, even though they can be very much sufficient, you feel weakened. Children given more fast food meals will grow up to have a lower IQ than those who regularly eat freshly-cooked meals. Parents with a higher status gave their children meals prepared with fresh ingredients more often, which positively affected their IQ. Survey found more than 70% of children take fast food at lunch time. When you have a junk meal rich in oil you feel drowsy and fail to concentrate. Fast food is very tasty and no one goes by not noticing it and wanting to bite into it. Resisting fast food is difficult, but with age, taking in fast food is something to be desisted as they do not have a healthy effect on the body. Human food gets food but not healthy food. Fast food causes weight loss. People who are obesity are those who have a preference for fast food. Fast food actually fastens the effects of aging. People show signs of old age faster because of continuously eating fast food. Fast food and its ill effects on health are plenty. Be it obesity, diabetes, heart problems or any other disorders, it is now a well known fact that regular consumption of fast food can have serious ill effects on a persons health. Do not let children to get habituated to fast foods. Fast food, the name itself is tempting enough. Eliminating the temptation is one way to avoid it. Keeping good food nearby and having meals right on time may help in this direction. Preference should be given to the traditional and home-made food. From the study, it may be concluded that the fast food are not suitable to the health of students. People eat fast food because they dont have time to cook but on the same hand they also thought that no item can replace homemade items. At the end we can say, Fast Food may be making children fatter and unhealthy but they also make them happy.

Sri Lanka :: Politics, Sinhalese Majority

Obtaining true Independence for Sri Lanka as a nation from the British was a long struggle which began in 1915 due to a rivalry between the Sri Lankan Muslims and the Sinhalese Majority over commercial interests which led to a riot in Colombo, the administrative capital of what is then known to the world as Ceylon (Corporation, 2008). The British, in response to the riots among the Ceylonese and the Muslims, placed the sole blame of these riots on the Sinhalese and implemented strict punishments on the Sinhalese showing (IrÄ manÃŒ ²Ã„ tanÃŒ ², 1916). As a result anti British feelings began to increase among the Sinhalese majority, and an intense interest was placed in needing to be an independent nation (Corporation, 2008). However, it was just a work in progress until the LSSP Sri Lanka Socialist movement founded in 1935 demanded that the nation be freed from the British and the administrative language of English be replaced with Sinhala and Tamil (Tambiah S. J., 1992). However, the plan of Sri Lanka being an independent nation which addressed the needs of all ethnic groups of the nation, despite starting as a collectivist ideology soon began to deteriorate upon obtaining the long waited freedom in February 1948. This was due to the post colonial separatist mentality (LePoer, 2002). Additionally following the independence, vital questions as the citizenship concerns of Sri Lanka’s up country Indian Tamils and the National Language concerns were not addressed (Roberts, 1994). Furthermore when these questions were addressed during the S.L.F.P rule from 1956-1965 the methods used in addressing these imperative problems which gave the minorities of Sri Lanka their individual identity was slanted toward the Sinhala majority (Hennayake, 2006, pp. 76-91). Considering the fact that an ethnic identity in a nation being a result of long preserved traditions followed by a set of people, when combined as a state with multiple ethnic identities will possibly result in a conflict of interests. Furthermore, as mentioned by Authors David Lake and Donald Rothchild, in most cases, the small minority will adopt to the Majority but when considering a substantial seize minority it becomes hard to adopt in such manner (Lake & Rothchild, 1998, p. 48). This being the case of the Sri Lankan Tamils who is a large minority in comparison to other groups, and having key administrative roles during the colonial era began to protest on the new Sri Lankan legislation as the â€Å"Sinhala Only Act† (Tambiah S.

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this survey is for the author to research the authorities schemes in battling the lifting rates of minor orgy imbibing in the UK. The author will near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, determiners, and effects of minor orgy imbibing. The author will besides critically analyse spreads in authorities schemes in undertaking minor imbibing and later explicate a policy intercession that would turn to the spreads highlighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intercession will besides be explored, and later contemplation and decision will shut the survey. There is no cosmopolitan definition of orgy imbibing, but it is frequently described as a form of inordinate consumption of intoxicant over a short period of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( POST ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as such behavior that leads to a rapid addition in blood intoxicant concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that orgy imbibing occurs when people have no bound of their intoxicant consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and other people to put on the line. Underage orgy imbibing continues to increase in the UK, although the figure of immature people aged 11 to 15 who drink intoxicant has fallen since 2001 ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink intoxicant continue to imbibe more and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after imbibing was associated with frequence of imbibing. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after imbibing compared to those that drink between one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . Another survey undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined imbibing among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd most adolescent orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . There are some effects of teenage orgy imbibing, and one of this is medical consequence. Binge imbibing causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers are likely to see impaired memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of Alcohol Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . Alcohol toxic condition is another common medical status among immature orgy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of teenage imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . One of the economic deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of intoxicant injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The Health and Social Care Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . Other effects of minor orgy imbibing consequence in intoxicant related accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol ingestion and this has increased by 19 % between 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure behavior such as sexual activities and other illicit drug usage, which is more outstanding with immature orgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) .Determinants OF UNDERAGE BINGE DrinkingDahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of wellness. It is argued that public wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) but to advance ways of protracting people ‘s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) through the complex interactions between societal and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit good as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen around elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported holding had alcoholic drink in the old 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicant ingestion ( 88 % ) between the age bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPAD ‘s survey, which shows high rate of underage orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are likely to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing civilization seems to be switching from immature males devouring intoxicant far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to hold consumed intoxicant in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) . Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being portion of British imbibing civilization for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are clearly a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, immature people are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and ne'er caused public inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) . Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which household construction was one of the countries where households can act upon their bush leagues ‘ substance use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households have limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant. Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson & A ; Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in their reappraisal that intoxicant advertisement and selling are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature people. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal merchandise it should be lawfully possible for it to be advertised ( IAS, 2008 ) . Other determiners are the influence of equal force per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit good as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to greater richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs.Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DrinkingThe four states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, authorities published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England ( Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy Unit, 2004 ) . This scheme sets out to turn to better instruction and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It besides focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant rela ted offense and working with the intoxicant industry to construct on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop new 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entree to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport, 2005 ) . The authorities step to undertake orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The current licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to cut down the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely before the shutting hours and besides cut downing the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of Physician ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the overall ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut down offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . Following the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more dependa ble and grounds based solutions need to be put in topographic point because the authorities is trusting to control intoxicant related offense instead than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in order to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities. Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is trusting to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non needfully absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold entree to healthcare at a cost that is low-cost and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal human right and non a privilege. The authorities ‘s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people.POLICY INTERVENTIONHarmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is ‘a class of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual ‘ . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, administration or state to follow. The author will therefore focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK. The author aims to suggest a policy to cut down 24 hours entree to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of pull offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) . Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a argument in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings ‘ entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 ; Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownups binge imbibing ( Everitt & A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will partially cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the or gy imbibing and all its associated injury. NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in contro l of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) . The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlativity between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbibing behavior in immature people ( Smith & A ; Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO ‘s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was portion of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the peo ple should outweigh such economic job. Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consumption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and adult females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) .Ethical CONSIDERATIONThis survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp & A ; Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will guarantee that people are treated reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support.ContemplationMy apprehension of public wellness and application of theory into pattern has developed to a considerable degree during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth cognition and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and material resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job. I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to raise public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and famous persons and many other attacks ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) .DecisionThis survey has attempted to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities steps in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion instead than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers.MentionsAcheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. & A ; Baumberg, B. ( 2006 ) Alcohol in Europe, a public wellness position: A study for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Cited In: Velleman, R. erectile dysfunction. Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. & A ; Childress, J. F. ( 1995 ) . Principles of biomedical moralss. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy ( 2004 ) . The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G & A ; Whitehead, M ( 1991 ) . Policies and schemes to advance societal equity in wellness ( Roneo ) . Capital of sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport ( 2005 ) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 26th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/3023.aspx Everitt, R. & A ; Jones, P. ( 2002 ) . Changing the minimal legal imbibing age.its consequence on a cardinal metropolis exigency section. New Zealand Medical Journal 115 ( 25 ) , pp. 9-11 Grube, J. ( 1997 ) . Preventing gross revenues of intoxicant to bush leagues. Consequences from a community test. Addiction 92 ( 2 ) , pp.251-260. Hastings, G. ( 2007 ) Social marketing.why should the Satans have all the best melodies? London: Butterworth-Heinemann Hellandsjo Bu, E. T. , Watten, R. G. , Foxcroft, D. R. , Ingebrigtsen, J. E. & A ; Relling, G. ( 2002 ) . Teenage intoxicant and poisoning introduction: the impact of household socialisation factors, populating country and engagement in organized athleticss. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37, pp.74-80 Hibell, B. , Andersson, B. , Bjarnason, T. , Ahlstrom, S. , Balakireva, O. , Kokkevi, A. and Morgan, M. ( 2004 ) . The ESPAD Report 2003. Alcohol and other Drug usage among Students in 35 European Countries. Capital of sweden: Swidish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sedqa.gov.mt/pdf/information/reports_intl_espad2003.pdf HM Government ( 2007 ) . Cited In: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. erectile dysfunction. Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrived on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Home Office Findings ( 2005 ) . Findingss from the 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. alcohol-related offense and upset. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/r261.pdf Home Office Findings ( 2006 ) Underage imbibing: findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/r277.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2007 ) . Binge Drinking. Medical and Social Consequences. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinkingmed.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2008 ) . Alcohol & A ; Advertising. IAS Factsheet. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 13th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/advertising.pdf Ludbrook, A. , Godfrey, C. , Wyness, L. , Parrot, S. , Haw, S. , Napper, M. & A ; Teijlingen, V. ( 2002 ) . Effective and cost effectual steps to cut down intoxicant abuse in Scotland. A literature reappraisal. Scotland: University of York. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-00.asp Measham, F. ( 1996 ) . The â€Å" large knock † attack to sessional imbibing. altering forms of intoxicant ingestion among immature people in North West England. Addiction Research 4 ( 3 ) , pp.283-299 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( 2007 ) Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Office of Communications ( 2004 ) . Final revised alcohol advertisement regulations. London: Ofcom. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/AlcAds/decision/rules.pdf Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( 2005 ) Postnote. Binge Drinking and Public Health. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn244.pdf Pencheon, D. , Guest, C. , Melzer, D. & A ; Gray, J. A. M. ( eds. ) . ( 2006 ) . Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Plant, M. & A ; Plant, M. ( 2006 ) . Binge Britain. Alcohol and the National Response. New York: Oxford University Press. Ryan, F. ( 2005 ) . Cited In: Institute of Alcohol Studies. erectile dysfunction. Binge Drinking – Nature, Prevalence and Causes. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinking.pdf Smith, L. A & A ; Foxcroft, D. R. ( 2007 ) . The consequence of intoxicant advertisement and selling on imbibing behavior in immature people. A systematic reappraisal. London: Alcohol Education and Research Council. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aerc.org.uk/documents/pdfs/finalReports/AERC_FinalReport_0040.pdf Steinberg, L. , Fletcher, A. & A ; Darling, N. ( 1994 ) . Parental monitoring and equal influences on stripling substance usage. Pediatricss 93 ( 6 pt 2 ) , 1060-1064 Stevenson, A. ( ed. ) , Elliott, J. ( ed. ) , Jones, R. ( ed. ) . ( 2002 ) . 2nd erectile dysfunction. Colour Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. The Health and Social Care Information Centre. ( 2009 ) . NHS. The Information Centre. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 30th November 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/alcoholeng2009/Final % 20Format % 20draft % 202009 % 20v7.pdf Toumbourou, J. , Moodie, R. , Eyre, J. & A ; Harper, T. ( 2008 ) . Set boundaries, set an illustration. Australia: Fairfax. Velleman, R. ( 2009 ) . Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Velleman, R. , Templeton, L. & A ; Copello, A. ( 2005 ) . The function of the household in preventing and step ining with substance usage and abuse. A comprehensive reappraisal of household intercessions with a focal point on immature people. Drug & A ; Alcohol Review 24, pp.93-109 World Health Organisation ( 1948 ) . WHO definition for wellness. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html World Health Organisation ( 1978 ) . Alma-Ata declaration. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 11th November 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf World Health Organisation ( 1986 ) . 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Free Essays on Lador Day

This Labor Day it seems like everyone is hitting the road for one last summer adventure. The number of travelers on the road this long weekend is expected to be record breaking, higher than they’ve been in nine years. Up to 33.4 million Americans are set to travel 50 miles or more away from home this holiday weekend, according to AAA. That number is up 1.8% from last year and tops a previous high, set in 1995 of 33.2 million. But vacationer has more than sunscreen and mosquitoes to keep in mind this weekend. They also need to keep in mind the ever-rising gas prices, the anything but perfect weather, and the safety of themselves and loved ones while on the road. These days gas is anything but cheap, with prices averaging $1.74 per gallon. A lot of this is said to be due to the workers strike in Venezuela and the conflict in Iraq. However that’s not stopping Americans from traveling. From July 19 to August 15 Americans used 9.4 million barrels per day the highest four-week period on record, said Doug Macintyre, an analysts for the Federal Energy Information Administration. Also, the biggest two-week jump in history. At least here in Tampa we can look to the bright side, our gas prices are nine to fifteen cents cheaper than many other Florida cities. Lately the weather here in Florida leaves much to be desired. Or maybe the beautiful postcard images we all love are just that, postcard images. With very little to do with the actual weather we encounter on an everyday basis. This August has been the 4th wettest ever in history. Our afternoon showers seem to be on a timer from hell, erupting every afternoon between four and five o’clock p.m. Then when it’s not raining it’s so warm and muggy that going outside hardly seems worth it. But that won’t put a damper on weekend plans; people will still be out and about, despite the fact that we’ll have a 45-75% chance of rain. And tropical storm Fabian lurking in the water. Surfs up... Free Essays on Lador Day Free Essays on Lador Day This Labor Day it seems like everyone is hitting the road for one last summer adventure. The number of travelers on the road this long weekend is expected to be record breaking, higher than they’ve been in nine years. Up to 33.4 million Americans are set to travel 50 miles or more away from home this holiday weekend, according to AAA. That number is up 1.8% from last year and tops a previous high, set in 1995 of 33.2 million. But vacationer has more than sunscreen and mosquitoes to keep in mind this weekend. They also need to keep in mind the ever-rising gas prices, the anything but perfect weather, and the safety of themselves and loved ones while on the road. These days gas is anything but cheap, with prices averaging $1.74 per gallon. A lot of this is said to be due to the workers strike in Venezuela and the conflict in Iraq. However that’s not stopping Americans from traveling. From July 19 to August 15 Americans used 9.4 million barrels per day the highest four-week period on record, said Doug Macintyre, an analysts for the Federal Energy Information Administration. Also, the biggest two-week jump in history. At least here in Tampa we can look to the bright side, our gas prices are nine to fifteen cents cheaper than many other Florida cities. Lately the weather here in Florida leaves much to be desired. Or maybe the beautiful postcard images we all love are just that, postcard images. With very little to do with the actual weather we encounter on an everyday basis. This August has been the 4th wettest ever in history. Our afternoon showers seem to be on a timer from hell, erupting every afternoon between four and five o’clock p.m. Then when it’s not raining it’s so warm and muggy that going outside hardly seems worth it. But that won’t put a damper on weekend plans; people will still be out and about, despite the fact that we’ll have a 45-75% chance of rain. And tropical storm Fabian lurking in the water. Surfs up...

Labor Relations,Unions and Organization

Labor Relations,Unions and Organization Free Online Research Papers In today’s business market, some of the employees in the workplace either belong to a union organization, or are seeking to organize one, especially in the state of California. In many cases this idea is not the employer list of main concerns. Employees are always looking to obtain the best possible benefit when becomes to work efforts. Employees want to be able to select jobs, negotiate pay, benefits, working hours, and working conditions (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, 2009). When employees are seeking of all these working conditions terms, and employees believe that are not being hear by the management team, employees will look for other alternatives such as coming together to form, or be part of a union organization. The constant balancing act between the needs of the employee and the goals and needs of the company are a fine line. Each of these should be protected and preserved. The purpose of this paper is to define unions, labor relations, and the impact on organ izations. The paper will then examine the impact of changes in employee relations strategies, policies, and practices on organizational performance. Last, describe if unions are still relevant in the United States. Unions, labor relations, and their impact on the organizations Unions Union is defined as an organization formed to represent its member’s interest, and deals with the employers to achieve these interests (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, 2009). Some of the union roles is to deal with problems when is a conflict between the employees and the employers. An example of this occurs when employees believe that are not being paid the right amount of money for the job performed, employees believe that they have been exposed to a non-safety working environment, and employees do not have access to enough benefits. When the employees have exposed these concerns to the employer, and the employer’s response is without feedback from the employee, the employees will believe that the staff’s concerns were not given enough consideration from the manager side of view. Therefore, union organizations will step in to assist. Unions will deal with the employer, and try to accommodate the employees concerns within the organization. Labor Relations Labor relations can be defined as relations between company management and staff. Labor relations are also referred to as industrial relations. Personnel or a group of workers are represented by trade unions. Labor relations with unions can take place on a variety of different levels from regional and national to an international stage. The main challenge is the labor relations ability to adapt to changes in the market. Technology develops at a rapid rate as should the relationship between union workers and management. Labor relations is considered the management skills of a union leader who are used on effective ways to minimize expenses on conflicts such as strikes, and work to accomplish a win-win situation for any disagreement (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, 2009). Strikes can be very cost-effective for the patties involved. Without any lead on a situation like this, the results could be very unsatisfactory. Leaders are seeking for the best solution that will meet the empl oyee’s interests. Impacts on the Organizations Unions and labor relations have caused some negative impacts within the organization. Unions are not cost-effective to the organization. Some organizations try to avoid union organizations in the workplace by providing and meeting employee’s interests. Once a union has started within a company, the union will weave itself into every part of the organization as it pertains to the employee while the mother company has no control over that entity as to where the union ends and the company begin. However, some of these interests are not reachable, and occur when the conflict between employees and employers begins. Changes in employee relations strategies, policies, and organizational performance Some of the impact changes in employee relation strategies are that management will make decisions within the organization with employees who are part of union organizations or are not. The organization’s policies and procedures will be followed the same to accomplish the organization’s goals and objectives. The organizational performance is measured to accomplish the same goals. Companies are concerned about union organization’s activities and how they will affect the performance and impact profit, productivity and stock performance (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, 2009). â€Å"Are the unions still relevant in the United States?† Unions are still relevant in the United States organizations. This is an every day debate between the workforce and organizations. The workforce is always looking on how to accomplish the best employee’s interest in the workplace, and organizations are always finding how to keep unions off in the workplace. Unions as was mentioned are organizations that deal with employers in any union’s members concerns. Unions help its members on different ways. Unions are responsible for campaigns and elections. These campaigns and elections are performed to support and re-enforce the union organizations. Unions are responsible to negotiate contracts. In these contracts decisions such as: pay structure, job security, work rules, and workplace safety are discussed and negotiated. Employers and employees are part of the terms and are affected by these contracts (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhert, and Wright, 2009). If the contract is violated, or it was a disagreement of terms between the two parties, the unions will form a union strike to fight for the employees rights. An example of this event is at the San Francisco’s California Pacific Medical Center. This hospital had been on strike from union workers for several weeks. This strike was caused by the rejection of the management contract and violations of the guidelines of a settlement. The contract was based on three terms. First, allow third party arbitration to assist employee’s concerns. Second, set up union organization’s rules. Third, establish terms of training and education firms for union members. The strike continued until an agreement between the unions and organization parties were convened by civic leaders as the mediator (Colliver, 2005). Conclusion In conclusion, unions are organizations that seek employee’s interest and concerns in the workplace. Unions are brought to the workplace to develop a labor relation. This will cause an impact to any organization. Unions are still relevant in the United States. Therefore, organizations try to keep out unions in general by providing for the employees needs. The key strategy in providing for the employees needs is to provide clear and open communications between management and staff to be able to address the employees concerns as they arise. References Raymond Andrew Noe, John R. Hollenbeck, Barry Gerhert, Patrick M. Wright. (2009). Trends in Human Resources Management. (3 ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies Colliver, V. (2005) Hospital Workers set day to strike at St Luke’s. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 25, 2005 from: www.sfgate.com Research Papers on Labor Relations,Unions and OrganizationTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Biological Importance of Metal Complexes of Pyrimidine-2-Thione Research Paper

Biological Importance of Metal Complexes of Pyrimidine-2-Thione - Research Paper Example Mo205L2(H2O)2.H2O (1)preparation. (5cm3)Aqueous solution of (NH4)2(MoO4) which is 0.24g and 1.0mmol respectively is added to LH solution in 25cm3 of EtOH (Speziale, 1963). The resultant slurry is subjected to heat, and the resultant solution, orange in color, is refluxed for duration of 4hours (Harris & Bertolucci, 1989). In this time duration, orange precipitate is realized (Foster & Snyder, 1963). The solid is then collected through filtration, immediately thereafter washed in 2cm3 of ethanol and diethyl ether, and then dried through vacuo (Wells, 1984). The yield is 35%, based on metal (Podson & King, 1945). Elemental analytical computation for the C8H16N8O10S2Mo: S, 10.00; C, 15.00; N, 17.50; H, 2.50%; illustrate that N, 17.51; C, 14.98; N, 17.51; H, 2.82; and AM(DMSO) 3 S cm2per mol (Greenwood & Earnshaw, 1997).  W2O5L2(H2O)2.H2O (2) preparation (Anthony, 2007). This uses (NH4)2(WO4) and uses the same method applied in the first procedure (Peter, 2003). In this procedure, a br ight yellow substance is isolated (Petricci et al, 2002). The yield is 50% metal based (Housecroft & Sharpe, 2005). The elemental analytical computation for C8H16N8O10S2W: H, 1.96; S, 7.85; C, 11.77; N, 13.73%, indicates that C, 11.62; S, 7.95; N, 13.77; H, 1.90%; and AM(DMSO) 2 S cm2per mol (Cotton et al, 1999).   In analyzing the antimicrobial activity; the bacterial strains were cultured in the nutrient agar slants (De Vito et al, 2005).

Using Graphic Organizers to Teach Reading Comprehension Essay

Using Graphic Organizers to Teach Reading Comprehension - Essay Example In addition, there is an assumption that in reading that all text have structures (Jiang & Grabe, 2007, p.34). And at the same time, â€Å"students in most class rooms are at different mental levels† (McMackin & Witherell(a), 2003, p. 11). In this regard, Hughes, Maccini, & Gagnon, (2003) argue that students at the upper-elementary, secondary and intermediate grades receive less individual attention than in primary grades. As a result, these new expectations and demands give more challenges in the process of learning and comprehension. And the required skills to comprehend become more challenging particularly for students with Learning disabilities (LD). And this becomes more challenging when a class does not represent a one particular type of students rather it is occupied with the students having different understanding abilities, comprehension power and retention. A class of students represents diversity and this diversity provides more challenging time for teachers who are expected to identify each student’s learning level and the teacher is expected to provide the targeted instruction (McMackin & Witherell(b), 2005). Additionally, with the passage of time as students progress, reading and comprehension increasingly incorporates expository text; from which the students are required to learn and comprehend. However, learning through expository is not easy a task for many students rather they are challenged with the reading assignments such as fiction (Kim et al., 2004). For instance, the material of expository text is of more informative nature and most of the time it is included by unfamiliar technical vocabulary terms and expressions. And these terms and expressions considerably differ from those expressions and terms that students had read in their primary classes. In addition, such text material is not organized properly rather poorly. This puts more pressure on students to use some additional complex cognitive tasks with an aim of comprehe nding the expository material (Lapp, Flood, Ranck-Buhr, 1995). With this added pressure from expository material, students face pressures and retention capabilities are directly hit or they become more exhausted; putting more psychological pressure to ensure learning the context of expository material. Additionally, some authors on the topic, suggest that there is a strong reason to believe that the students would under perform or may not be able to comprehend the context and material inside the expository text, for that purpose, they put forward their assertion that much of the expository material is filled with the huge amount of information. And this piece of information is not limited nor in its context, nor in its implications. Aggregately, there can be no boundary to determine the extent of expository material given a particular subject or topic. As a result, the students do not perform as they are expected to. Constantly, they under-perform and their aggregate graph of learni ng does not seem to be moving upward rather downward. In this regard, more innovations have been made in order to assist those students who are less equipped to face or manage the challenges of the expository material. Different learning strategies have been developed to assist students with LD (Dexter & Hughes, 2011). They need explicit content enhancements to assist in verbal (e.g. text or lecture) comprehension and graphic organizers (GOs) have often been recommended as an instructional devise to assist these students in understanding increasingly abstract