History and Purposes of Prisons - 884 Words

History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Jeffrey Brown CJA234 July 7,2012 George Chavarria History and Purpose of Penitentiaries Crime has had an impact on society for years, and will continue to do so well into the future. The presence of criminals and criminal acts proved that there was and all ways will be a need for penitentiaries. Correctional facilities no matter if they are prisons, jails, or penitentiaries are all part of the criminal justice system. Their overall goal and objective is to house offenders with the hope to rehabilitate them and reintegrate them into society to have a positive impact. Penitentiaries have a strong history with society and will continue to serve an important purpose within the criminal justice†¦show more content†¦One case that could possibly be made as to early punishment having an advantage over punishment today is that someone would think twice about stealing food if they knew that the punishment would be losing a hand over receiving a fine. History of Prison Development The changes and the improvements of prisons can be linked to the work of William Penn, a former governor of Pennsylvania. Penn changed the way the prison system is run and how it is viewed by people. The early correction facilities allowed inmates to have limited or no rights at all. William Penn chose to take a stand and make changes because of the early prisons and the experiences that he had being a Quaker. The Walnut Street Jail was the first penitentiary in the United States established in 1790 by Benjamin Rush. Seiter (2011), states that â€Å"The Walnut Street Jail created a regimen of hard work and doing penance for their offences†. The Walnut Street Jail served as the template for prisons that were developed after. New prisons strived to do more than to punish offenders by using cruel and sometimes degrading forms of punishment. The basis of the new prisons’ operations was the same as the Walnut Street Jail: to emphasize the opportunity for prisoners to reform themselves through hard work while reflecting on their crimes, Seiter (2011). Even though the new prisons were effective they had their flaws. The Pennsylvania System and the Auburn System The Pennsylvania SystemShow MoreRelatedGrading Stalinist Prison Camp Hq Through The Purposes Of Prisons Through History1244 Words   |  5 PagesGrading Stalinist Prison Camp HQ through the Purposes of Prisons through History The prisons we typically think of in modern American society are distinctly and majorly different from the Stalinist labor camp Ivan Denisovich Shukhov presides in the book, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, but all prisons have four major purposes. These purposes are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation. 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Punishments such as whippingsRead MoreInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz1081 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreInformative Speech on Alcatraz1097 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. 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Bebop a Controversial Transition to Modern Jazz free essay sample

A Controversial Transition to Modern Jazz Nathan Marketing Muss;c 0711 Professor Leon Dorset Recitation TA: Alton Merely 1 December 10, 2010 The decade of the sasss was an important era in the history of Jazz. The sasss was a transition from traditional Jazz into modern Jazz. Leading this transition was the introduction of the Bebop period in Jazz. Bebop created controversy In the Jazz world for being a contradiction to traditional Jazz and was widely disliked by many audiences across America.Despite its controversy, Bebop, also referred to as Bop, was one of the most important eras In the history of Jazz. The technical creations by some of Bebops greatest musicians Influenced future generations of Jazz musicians and transformed the jazz world into the modern era. The word Bebop, according to Bebop artist Dizzy Gillespie, came from people trying to sing the unique melodic leaps. The singing created a distinct bop sound that led to It being referred to as bop or Bebop music (Brenner and Houseman, p. 14). The rhythm and technicalities of the Bebop style were unlike any other used In Jazz fore.This completely different method of Jazz led to the popular accusation that Bebop was not Jazz and many traditional Jazz artists dismissed it as such. And since Bebop could not be danced to, It was largely dismissed by the public as well for not being Jazz music. Although it Is true that Bebop was not classical Jazz and was not typical dancing music, it was in fact the first type of modern jazz to be recorded. The flatted fifth is the most important interval of Bebop and in traditional jazz the flatted fifth would be considered erroneous. Also characteristic of Bebop are the reverse and racing phrases that appeared as melodic fragments.Bebop music left out every unnecessary note giving it a distinct irregularity that had not been present in jazz before 1940 ( Brenner and Houseman, p. 1 5). Other technical characteristics of Bebop uncommon to traditional Jazz were the Bop improvisations composed mostly of eighth-note and sixteenth-note figures which created Jumps and twists within the music. There were also abrupt changes of direction and large intervals between notes. The rhythms in the lines were fast and unpredictable and were marked with an unprecedented amount of syncopation (Griddle and Cutler, p. 37).The era of Bebop followed the most popular era of Jazz before 1940, the Swing era. The swing era had become a popular culture phenomenon due to its relationship to 1 OFF Jazz to move into other areas of culture other than music and dance. The word Swing became a marketing device for consumer goods from cigarettes to womens clothing. The Swing style conformed to the commercial demands of audiences and as a result became consumed by endlessly repeated rhythms. These rhythms became cliche and too trite for some Jazz artists who wanted to created a more technical and modern style. The Swing style had become too commercialism and, as often is the case in Jazz, the evolution turned in the opposite direction in the form of the Bebop period (Brenner and Houseman, p. 14). Thus Bebop was formed as an intended contradiction to the Swing era. The contradiction to Swing music was so strong that Bebop music faced opposition and was accused of not even being Jazz music. Bebop was founded during World War II by young African American musicians who were tired of the repetition and lack of original creativity of the big bands popular in the Swing era.These musicians wanted to create a new style of music that as played by small bands and featured creative solos and irregular rhythms. The founders of Bebop believed their music could not be as easily copied by big bands led by white composers and would be an exclusive type of Jazz. This style began to form in 1940 from the improvisation that took place during the after-hours Jam sessions among Jazz artists. Bebop developed originally in Kansas City and in clubs (particularly in Moutons Playhouse and Monomers Uptown House) in Harlem where the Bebop style would be focused (Gaiter, p. ). With the leadership of three of the most ammos Jazz musicians, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Theologies Monk, Bebop reached its height in the mid sasss. Charlie Parker was one of the most influential and important soloists in Jazz history and was important to the development of the Bebop style. Parker was born in Kansas City, Kansas on August 29, 1920. In 1927 Charlie Parsers family moved to Kansas City, Missouri, an influential center for African American Jazz music in the 20th century. The rich musical culture in Kansas City fostered the development of the young Charlie Parker who began playing alto saxophone in 1933. After Parker left school in 1935 he pursued a career as a professional musician in Kansas City and played among various blues and Jazz groups. In 1939 Parker visited New York, the national center for the music business at the time, for a year and participated in Jam sessions with other musicians. Parsers time spent in New York left him bored with the cliches of the popular Swing style still very common in America.He envisioned a new style of music, contrary to Swing Jazz, that emphasized a new set of techniques. This new style of music which became Bebop would finally reach maturity in the mid sasss led by Charlie Parker (Patrick). In December 1942 Parker Joined Earl Whines big band along with other young Jazz musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie. During Parsers years with the band, he participated in many after-hours Jam sessions with Dizzy and other musicians at clubs in New York. The musicians were working on the new Bebop style of Jazz which Parker had first envisioned when he visited New York.By 1943 Parker and Dizzy introduced their ideas of Bebop to the band, but their songs were never recorded due to a recording ban in the early sasss. After the recording ban was lifted, Parker and Dizzy formed a quintet to play their Bebop style of music and recorded for the Parker and Dizzy Gillespie musical recognition outside New York which they took with them to Los Angels, California. Parker and Gillespie worked successfully in California to spread Bebop to a national audience. Parker continued his work in California until a nervous breakdown due to his heroin and alcohol addiction caused his confinement in Commercial State Hospital.After his release from the Hospital, Parker returned to New York and formed a quintet with Miles Davis, Duke Jordan, Tommy Potter, and Max Roach. The quintet recorded some of Parsers most famous Bebop pieces, and the years 1947-1951 were Charlie Parsers most productive. The few years left in Parsers life from 1951-1955 were marked with depression and his failing health. Parker lost his performers license in July 1951 and his career fell into sharp decline. Parker attempted suicide twice during the last few years of his life and finally died at the age of thirty four in a Manhattan apartment on March 12, 1955 (Patrick).Charlie Parsers legacy would achieve elite status following his death among the Jazz world as Bebop became more widely accepted by Jazz audiences. Dizzy Gillespie was another influential musician during the Bebop period. Dizzy was born in Chewer, South Carolina on October 21, 1917. At a young age Tizzys musical proficiency was evident when he taught himself to play the trombone and trumpet and later the coronet. Dizzy attended the Laurelling Institute and played trumpet in the school band. In 1937 Dizzy moved to New York and earned a Job with Teddy Hills big band and toured in Europe.Dizzy played with various bands while in New York and while on Tour in 1940 Dizzy met Charlie Parker, and soon he began participating in the after-hours Jam sessions with Parker that led to the creation of Bebop. In 1941 Dizzy worked with many Jazz leaders including Lucky Milliner and Earl Hines. By 1944 Dizzy had recorded near-bop music and Joined Billy Stockinets bebop band along with Charlie Parker. At the same time Dizzy was playing for Billy Stickiness, he recorded some of his own small group bebop pieces with Charlie Parker including Salt Peanuts and Hot House. Dizzy and Parsers collaboration continued when they formed a quintet in 1945 which lasted a few years. Tizzys desire to lead a big band led him to form many big bands in the years following the sasss; and his efforts as a pioneer in modern Jazz helped cement his legacy as one of the great artists of Jazz. Dizzy Gillespie died in Englewood, New Jersey on January 6, 1993 (Owens). The incredible talent and popularity of Dizzy on his trumpet contributed to and helped spread the Bebop style. Theologies Monk along with Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie also contributed to the Bebop style of Jazz.Monk was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina on October 10, 1917 and at the age of four he moved to New York. In the early sasss he became the house pianist at Moutons Playhouse in Harlem where he collaborated with Parker and Gillespie to formulate the Bebop style. Monk continued to work in Bebop music and performed in Tizzys orchestra in 1944 (Blake). Much of Monks music career was not focused during the Bebop era, but his contribution to the founding of Bebop made him an important artist to Bebop music.Monk was the most famous Bebop pianist in the sasss and he continued playing Jazz piano for the remainder of his music career achieving worldwide renown. The Bebop style was developed by some of Jazz history most talented artists. Even though Bebop music was composed by incredible music geniuses, it remained controversial Bebop was generally disliked by the white fans of Jazz music and traditional African American Jazz musicians. Many traditional Jazz audiences and artists in reaction to this new turn in evolution in Jazz oriented themselves backward toward the basic forms of Jazz.There was a New Orleans Jazz revival during the sasss in response to the Bebop era, and simple music was demanded by the mass Jazz audience. The revival did not last long among the African American musicians because the revival soon turned to cliches and simplified forms of traditional Jazz, but it remained popular among the white audiences (Brenner and Houseman, p. 16) The Bebop period seemed to be a great antagonist to traditional Jazz and the New Orleans Revival. This antagonist aura of Bebop subjected its highly talented musicians to ridicule and contributed to the lack of support from the music business for Bebop music.Bebop did, however, have a large following among the young African American audience. Many of the African American artists who played Bebop music were young and related to a young audience. Many young African Americans no longer supported jazz the way they once did and thus accepted Bebop for its anti-traditional Jazz sound. Bebop was most popular among African American populations in big cities above the Mason- Dixon Line. The white audience rejected Bebop mainly because it did not have a regular step count and they could not dance to it.But despite Bebops irregular rhythm, African Americans figured a way to make the fast tempos by cutting time in half, and they were dancing to the music. By cutting time in half they could incorporate old dances such as the Lindy Hop or new dances such as the The Apple lace, (Gaiter, p. 5). Bebop did not appeal to a mass audience and earn as much revenue like the Swing movement, but more importantly it created an identity for the young African American population in the sasss Bebop music was not received well y the masses, but the impact it would have on the modern Jazz movement would prove its great importance in Jazz history.Over the years since 1940 Bebop has become the quintessential form of classical modernity in Jazz. A revival in Bebop, that nobody predicted, occurred in the sasss and is still continuing into the twenty first century. The importance of Bebop to new generations of Jazz artists can be summed up in a quote from Scott Devalue, a renowned author and professor of Jazz: In order to understand Jazz, you have to understand bebop (Brenner and Houseman, p. 17). The pioneers of Bebop, Parker, Gillespie, Monk, and others, propelled the Jazz world out of the classical era into the modern era.

Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) Essay Example

Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) Essay The following report will discuss American retail giant, Wal-mart’s current ethical and business objectives. The report will look at Wal-mart’s employee relations in regard to discrimination and other various issues involving their employees. It will look at how their ethical stance contradicts with what has gone on in the past regarding associates (employees) and management. We will also look at their business objectives or as Wal-mart calls them – â€Å"comparable store sales†, where they measure the sales on a like for like basis from the previous year. Included will be Wal-Mart’s sustainability report, and Wal-Mart’s ethical statement. The report will look at what Wal-mart does for employees and what has been reported by employees and watch-dogs and draw up conclusions. And what current legislative trend they’re reported to be ignoring or not practicing what they preach. Wal-mart’s ethical perspective on employee relations and their commitment to being ethical. In the workplace there are many issues on employee relations; Pay, sex, race, religion, disability and equal opportunities are a few of the issues Wal-mart will deal with. For Wal-mart to embrace everyone in the workplace, they set out a social responsibility report on diversity for their employees. Wal-mart’s statement of ethics even encourages whistle blowing; â€Å"All of us should constantly work to maintain a working environment that encourages associates to raise concerns about possible violations of our Statement of Ethics. Often we hear stories of other companies where employees were aware of problems, but did not feel comfortable coming forward. No one should feel that way at Wal-mart. Please report possible ethics problems immediately so they can be resolved before more serious consequences develop†. Wal-mart statement of ethics) Wal-mart has three ethical basic beliefs – Respect for the individual, Service to our customers and striving for excellence. These beliefs are from the Wal-marts founding father, Sam Walton. Sam would never have realised Wal-mart would be posting quarterly net profits in 2010 of ? 2. 9 billion. C hristine Seib, Times (2010). Wal-mart also has guidelines for all employees to follow: and †¢Always act with integrity †¢Lead with integrity, and expect others to work with integrity. †¢Follow the laws at all times †¢Be honest and fair Reveal and report all information truthfully, without manipulation or misrepresentation We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Ethical Assignment (Employee Relations) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢ Work, actions and relationships outside of your position with the company should be free of any conflicts of interest †¢Respect and encourage diversity and never discriminate against anyone †¢Ask your manager or Global Ethics Office for help if you have any questions about this statement, or if you face an ethical problem †¢Promptly report all violations of the statement of ethics †¢Cooperate with and maintain the private nature of any investigation of a possible ethics violation †¢When involved in an ethics investigation, you should reveal all information truthfully, you should present all facts truthfully, without bias or judgement (Wal-mart statement of ethics) Wal-mart’s ethical perspective could be described a teleological as they work for the greater good for all their stakeholders. Community, suppliers, employees, shareholders and environment are the many issues Wal-mart tackles when striving for excellence. They believe in doing whatâ⠂¬â„¢s right to achieve their company objectives. Wal-mart’s ethical statement covers directors, employees and third party associates like suppliers. They’re expected to abide by these have a basic understanding of the statement, since memorising the whole policy is not realistic. However, Wal-mart operates in many countries that have their own laws on business and Wal-mart recognises they need to adapt to each country’s laws. Their statement of ethics is generic in that it’s issued to all stores and stakeholders around the world but it is able to be built into other countries legislative laws. â€Å"Don’t compromise your reputation. It’s a precious commodity. Don’t compromise your integrity, have a good name† (Sam Walton). A defining quote from Wal-mart’s founding father on how he believes A person should live by in the work place. In dealing with ethical issues Wal-mart have an â€Å"open door process† where they encourage all associates to use if they believe to see unethical actions being taken by fellow colleagues or any other stakeholder in Wal-mart. Or they can contact The Global Ethics office to report any concern. Various means of Harassment is not tolerated in Wal-mart and it’s considered a violation of one the three basic beliefs; â€Å"respect for the individual†. Harassment is defined as â€Å"Any conduct which inappropriately or unreasonably interferes with work performance, diminishes the dignity of any person, or creates an intimidating or otherwise hostile working environment â€Å". (Wal-mart statement of ethics). One the main reasons people go to work is for their physicology needs (salary) and Wal-mart make it clear in their ethics statement that the comply with state or national laws regarding pay. Managers in the business are expected to carry this out fairly without discrimination. It’s also a violation for managers to forces colleagues to work off the clock. It is a violation of law and Wal-Mart policy for you to work without compensation or for a supervisor (hourly or salaried) to request that you work without compensation. You should Never perform any wo rk for Wal-Mart without compensation†. (Wal-Mart statement of ethics). ? At Wal-mart, the company takes conflicts of interest seriously and they expect you to tell your manager before if one might arise. The conflict could be for financial gain for yourself or the other party. Examples of conflicting financial investments are: †¢Financial interest in a vendor of Wal-mart, if you have direct or indirect involvement in our business with that vendor. Substantial financial interest in a competitor. †¢Receiving personal compensation from a vendor, if you have direct or indirect involvement with our business concerning that vendor. †¢Using confidential company information for personal gain. †¢Ownership of stock in a competitor with a market value in excess of $20,000 must be disclosed in writing to the Global Ethics Office. The Global Ethics Office will decide whether or not a conflict, or potential conflict, exists and how it should be handled. †¢Wal-mart encourages associates not to have social or other relationships with suppliers if the relationship would give the perception that a business influence is being exerted. We believe in basing our relationships with suppliers on efficient, fair and lawful business practices (statement of ethics) Wal-mart will support and encourage any associate believed to be influenced by another party that may have interests in Wal-mart. Any colleague should report it to their manager or Global Ethics Office. At Wal-mart, the company expects personal relationships kept to minimum, that they don’t accept gifts from others for performing work that they’re paid to do. They have strict financial regulations so as any insider trading can be dealt with, and expect associates (employees) to â€Å"whistle blow† about possible poor financial practises. Wal-mart will only hire a person that has the right to work in the country they’re applying to work in or have the relevant visas that gives them the right to work. â€Å"We strive to be good corporate citizens. Therefore, we may not hire, recruit, or refer for a fee, anyone not legally authorized to work in the country in which employment is sought. It is our responsibility to inspect, verify, and document the identity and employment authorization of every new associate, including associates who are international expatriates on assignment in a foreign country. We are also responsible for re-verifying the continuing employment eligibility of each associate by requesting further documentation when the initial work authorization has expired. All persons we hire or send to a foreign country on an expatriate or transition assignment must provide proper documentation and verification of their authorization to work in the country where they are to be employed. In complying with immigration laws, it is important to follow our policy against employment discrimination on the basis of national origin or possible citizenship status. We require all employment agencies, contractors and others doing business with us to fully comply with all Immigration laws. † (Statement of ethics). One of the big issues of today – is health and safety, and Wal-mart takes the health and safety of their associates seriously and conducts themselves in an ethical manner. The company would be seen to act in a teleological manner as if they don’t just act lawfully, but for the greater good of their customers and associates. â€Å"We’re committed to the health and safety of our customers, members, and associates, because we care for one another. Conducting our business in compliance with all health and Safety laws are crucial to protecting each other from harm. As an associate of Wal-mart, always comply with all relevant health and safety laws and policies. By following these, we can create and maintain a safe shopping and working environment for our customers, members, and associates. † (Wal-mart’s statement of ethics) Providing associates with health cover is seen as important to the company and more importantly, their associates as health care in the States can be very expensive for people on the minimum wage. Wal-marts statement of ethics is for the employees of Wal-mart and expected it be followed at all times. Any violation of the statement will dealt with and can lead to dismissal from Wal-mart. Having read through Wal-mart’s statement of ethics, it’s clear they take the welfare of all associates importantly and work for the greater good of all their stakeholders. Their ethical approach would be described as ‘utilitarianism’. Mike Duke, President and CEO at Wal-mart has stated the importance of being ethical; â€Å"We also must continue assuming the later role that Lee helped us realize we can play in the world. People have been asking me, â€Å"Mike, during these difficult times, can we afford to do things like sustainability, responsible Sourcing, associate opportunity and health care? † Every time my response has been, â€Å"We can’t afford not to. † At Wal-Mart, we have an opportunity and a responsibility to lead in the world. Sustainability is a permanent part of our culture. It helps us remove waste†. A very clear and concise statement from Wal-mart’s figurehead that Wal-mart must be ethical to compete and grow in today’s business world. Business Objectives: Like any multinational company, they have to plan for the future and draw up future forecasts on how the business will perform. Stakeholders rely on these and in particular, shareholders, as they look for bigger return on their investment through share dividends. For 2010, Wal-mart has forecast their sales of a comparable store sales basis and due to their international business sector and the volatility of the international currency they draw up accruals of 10% each year so as they can continue to profit from all business sectors. Wal-mart realise the global economy is unstable but with continued investment of ? 12. 5 to ? 13. 5 billion pounds, they intend to grow and give the very best in service so-as customers can live their lives cheaper everyday. Wal-mart’s shareholders expect a fair return on their investment and in 2009; they received 19. 3% return on their investment. Payments are split into four quarters and Wal-mart has said they’ll be paying out more dividends in 2010 because of the growth in profits. However, when key objectives are set, the pressure to achieve these goals can be intense and lead to stress and bullying from management. It can also lead to discrimination from managers because that individual manager might want short term success and will over look woman, older people, younger people or minority groups in favour of the your stereotyped American. Though, it’s stated that long planning is important, goals are generally short term with a year to achieve business objectives, this leads to poor decision making and bad man management of the colleagues at Wal-mart. It’s very easy to delegate objectives and expectations but there must be a line drawn between what has to be done and what can be done! When dealing with people, there must a motivating factor above your normal everyday needs to strive to be the best, so at Wal-mart, the company has a share scheme that all employees are a part of and bonus structure that all employees can benefit from of they give that little bit extra. Victor Vroom stated that the bigger the reward the bigger the motivations to achieve objectives are. Bonuses and share schemes are two of the ways Wal-mart look to influence their staff to go the extra mile. Wal-mart sees its rewards schemes as another ethical behavioural objective that is done fairly and without prejudice. If Wal-mart is to prevent any conflict between business objectives and employee relations, the objectives must be realistic and the right people must be in the right place at the right time with the right tools to do the job. ? Wal-mart’s employee relations from a different perspective: Wal-mart comes across as very proud of their stance within the business ethics community and has taken steps over the years to improve on their statement of ethics. Business ethics continues to grow and evolve all the time and Wal-mart has to date, kept up with those. However, all is not gone according to plan, or in the case of Wal-mart, their statement of ethics. Countless lawsuits and bad press regarding many ethical issues has arisen due to Wal-mart’s conduct when doing business or managing their own colleagues (associates). There ave been many, many cases of poor relations between employees and management over the years and Wal-mart’s staunch anti-union policy has done the c ompany no favours in the public arena. A quick Google of â€Å"Wal-mart’s employee relations† brings up literally thousands of cases where colleagues has felt victimised, bullied, harassed and discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race and religion. Firstly, we’ll look at a few cases regarding Wal-mart’s reputation with her colleagues, and then look at a case that will be the largest of its kind in American history. â€Å"Wal-Mart has a long history of opposing unionization. Sam Walton was notorious for trying to keep unions out of his stores. In fact, Walton hired union-busting lawyer John E. Tate to quash some of the earliest efforts to organize stores in Missouri. Despite a successful unionization effort in China, Wal-Mart will not budge from its position in the United States and Canada. However, with the election of Barack Obama and the potential passage of the Employee Free Choice Act, Wal-Mart is clearly afraid that its anti-worker practices of the last half century might be coming to a close. Wal-Mart says its associates do not need a union. Wal-Mart Watch, however, believes that after years of low wages, expensive health care benefits, and poor working conditions, Wal-Mart workers can finally see a light at the end of the tunnel†. Wal-martwatch (http://walmart. 3cdn. net/0bd88c4e9b5666361b_okm6bnxer. pdf) â€Å"In February 2000, ten employees of the Wal-Mart meat department in a Jacksonville, Texas store elected United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) as their union. Wal-Mart immediately ended their entire network of in-store butcher departments. The compa ny refused to recognize and negotiate with the meat cutters union, and instead traded the work of experienced employees for the convenience of pre-cut and pre-packaged meats†. [Occupational Health Safety, 3/16/08] After taking the case to the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, UFCW was faced with a test they simply could not pass. The court ruled that UFCW failed the legal standard ‘community of-interest test’ and a unanimous three-judge appellate panel upheld Wal-Mart’s right to eliminate butcher departments ruling they had no particularly special skills. The court placed the incident as analogous to a typical closing, effectively cutting butchers out of the picture for good†. [Occupational Health Safety, 3/16/08] A very damming report about how ruthless Wal-mart can be to keep the union out and keep control of employees. Another report goes onto say how they influence, or try to influence how colleagues vote: â€Å"More recently, it was revealed that Wal-Mart has been warning its hourly supervisors of the likelihood of unionization if Democrats won the November election. One supervisor said: â€Å"I am not a stupid person. They were telling me how to vote. Workers say they used intimidation by emphasizing all the negative effects of unionization and warning them if the Employee F ree Choice Act passed, it would speed up the union process. [Wall Street Journal, 8/1/08] All of these reports and more are cited in â€Å"www. walmartwatch. com†, but what has to be realised is – these type of blogs usually come from people who have an axe to grind or have bad experiences in the past, resulting in bias reporting. What is interesting is the website cites all its information and they’re from major publications such as† The Wall Street Journo† and governmental websites. Yes. The site only picks up on the negative but the amount of bad press and lawsuits are quite surprising for a multinational company that preaches ethical businesses practices. It’d be fair to say on the evidence of lawsuits and bad press, Wal-mart are taking a ‘relative’ approach to business. Wal-mart, a typical business that will cut costs to increase profits as much as drive sales, and Wal-mart’s way has been to force colleagues to work off the clock and skip tea breaks: Armijo v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. State: New Mexico Class Size: 10,000 estimated Current Status: Ongoing; Class Action Summary: On June 12, 2007, the Court of Appeals for the State of New Mexico upheld a district court decision certifying Armijo as a class action. According to the plaintiffs’ complaint, it is alleged that Wal-Mart’s corporate policies and practices are geared towards promoting the maximization of profits hrough the minimization of labor costs, creating an environment where hourly employees work off the clock and through meal and rest breaks. In addition to statistical analysis of clocking in and clocking out patterns, plaintiffs poi nt to an internal Wal-Mart audit first referenced in Iliadis v. Wal-Mart (see below), known as the â€Å"Shipley Audit. † The audit, prepared in July 2000, revealed numerous failures by Wal-Mart to comply with Wal-Mart’s own rest and meal break policies, and warned that â€Å"Wal-Mart may face several adverse consequences as a result of staffing and scheduling not being prepared appropriately. †iv An interesting note on this case is the claim for breach of contract. The plaintiffs will be required to prove that Wal-Mart was contractually obligated to provide rest breaks for its employees, that a missed rest break constitutes a breach of that contract, and that the breach resulted in damages to the employees. The Court of Appeals agreed that whether a contract actually exists is a question common to the class, and pointed out that Wal-Mart does have a written policy regarding rest breaks that applies to all hourly employees. At trial, under review will be the employee handbook, oral orientation sessions, and the uniformity of orientation sessions and employment policies from store to store. (http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf) ? Carter v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. State: South Carolina Estimated Class Size: 100,000 Current Status: Ongoing; Class Action Summary: On August 7, 2007, Charleston County Circuit Court Judge Perry M. Buckner III ruled Wal-Mart must face a class of more than 100,000 South Carolina employees claiming wage and hour violations. Wal-Mart workers in South Carolina filed suit in 2001 claiming Wal-Mart forced them to work through breaks and off the clock. Similar to previous cases, the claims stem from complaints of understaffing, resulting in workers having to skip breaks and work before or past normal shifts in order to compensate. (http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf) Both these cases are a drop in the ocean and clicking onto the website you’ll find eight pages of class actions from employees against Wal-mart regarding pay, meal and rest breaks. What it doesn’t state however, is the states own laws which leads me to believe, Wal-mart is relative in its approach to managing colleagues and conducts its self in a manner that `when in Rome do as the Romans do’. A classic relative approach to business ethics. Wal-mart need to be more `absolute’ in their ethical approach and practice what they preach! The most recent class action and potentially the biggest in American history is six women, who worked in 13 Wal-mart stores between them, are taking their case to the Supreme Court alleging systematic sexism by Wal-mart’s employers. The claim women are paid less for doing the same jobs and are un-favoured when it comes to advancement within the company. Wal-mart have argued that Wal-mart is a great place for woman to work and that they encourage and foster great woman leaders. They’ve also argued the class action of one million women is too big and unmanageable. However, the court ruled that the size of the class action isn’t too big and that it must be heard as all companies, big or small, must comply with the law. The case can be found at: http://abcnews. go. com/WN/Business/wal-mart-sex-discrimination-case-trial/story? id=10480510page=1 The case was submitted in 2001 and is now being heard nine years later in 2010. The potential cost of the case could run into billions of Dollars and the reputation of Wal-mart, worldwide, is now up for scrutiny. ? Solutions that Wal-mart should take: Wal-mart would be wise to look up the history of poor ethical practices from other multinationals on how they come about a decision and action plan for going forward and becoming the teleological company they say they are. Firstly, Cadbury’s, who are renowned throughout the world for their ethical approach and virtue policies. Cadbury’s, in July 2007, the company was fined ? 1 million and lost trade and respect for not practicing what they preach. Cadbury’s soon came out and apologised for the food safety offence and soon after, gained back the lost trade and its reputation in a relatively quick period. The company has reaffirmed its virtue approach to business ethics. Then secondly, Toyota, one of the world’s biggest car manufacturers, was recently in the spotlight for producing cars with faulty breaks and clutches. The company at first seemed to ignore the problem and refused to recall the cars made in the timeframe that had faults. But, after around two months, they started to recall the cars and make way to apologise, though at first the apology didn’t seem to heartfelt according to how the Japanese do apologies via the presidents body language. It seems Toyota have a long to before it she recovers her reputation and can put out its adds with the slogan â€Å"the car in front is a Toyota†. A phrase coined because of the popularity of the cars. Wal-mart can also look closer to home, as ASDA, their UK subsidiary, is continually listed in the top 10 companies to work for in the UK. ASDA achieves this by taking the virtue approach to managing her colleagues and valuing the colleagues’ contribution to her success. If Wal-mart reflects back on its behaviour and realises it hasn’t been practising what it preaches, then Wal-mart can move forward and build relationships with its people. The workers are at the forefront of Wal-mart’s success because they’re in touch with customers and suppliers. Wal-mart needs to take an absolute or virtue approach to doing business and do what they claim to do in their statement of ethics. The policies and procedures are there, Wal-mart needs to use them appropriately. The company directors can easily blame their management team and due the size of the company, problems will exist but not on the scale of today. Company directors are the figureheads of Wal-mart and need to recognise they’re responsible for what happens at ground level as well as board room level. ? What’s in it for Wal-mart? There is no doubting the success of Wal-mart and their standing in the world as the world’s biggest retailers. But how they go about it is questionable, with so many `horror’ stories, class action law suits, press and media reports the company has much to improve on. By building bridges and apologising for their actions, the company can be even more successful that it has been. The workers will want to do better for Wal-mart and show greater loyalty and enthusiasm that clearly doesn’t exist. It’ll be easier to motivate the workers because they’ll feel appreciated. Shop floor workers are the first impressions customers get of Wal-mart and if they see happy, friendly and courteous staff, it’ll be even easier to retain customers than before. On the international stage, host countries will be keen to see Wal-mart in their country and would see Wal-mart as the leading light in business ethics. To be seen as a leader in your own industry can lead to bigger and greater things. It could see Wal-mart and all its associates across the globe, benefit! All stakeholders can benefit from Wal-mart changing their image through greater sales, income, share dividends, supplier prices and community events. The environment will benefit too, as Wal-mart with nearly 5000 stores worldwide, there is the danger of their actions can help play their part in restoring the local environment. ? Bibliography: Page 3: Wal-mart’s statement of ethics pdf file, Christine Seib, Times (2010) Page 4-7: Wal-mart’s statement of ethics pdf file, financial condition Wal-mart pdf file Page 8: http://walmart. 3cdn. net/0bd88c4e9b5666361b_okm6bnxer. pdf, Occupational Health Safety Page 9: http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf Page 10: http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/wage_and_hour. pdf Page 11-12: Business Ethics (Tom Sorell John Hendry) 1994

Common Information Security Threats Essay Essay Example

Common Information Security Threats Essay Essay Example Common Information Security Threats Essay Essay Common Information Security Threats Essay Essay The cyberspace is about 40 old ages old and is go oning to turn at a rapid gait. This rapid growing and usage of the cyberspace for practically everything you can make in life has besides cause a major addition in menaces. Cyber-criminals are frequently interrupting into security on many major web sites and doing the intelligence. Information Security is turning into an of import portion in protect a business’s information. Amazon. com website went online in 1995 ( Byers. 2006 ) . Amazon offers there services and merchandises through the website Amazon. com to many states around the universe. which includes: United States. Canada. France. Spain. Japan. Italy. Germany. United Kingdom. and China ( Amazon. 2012 ) . Amazon has been around for about 17 old ages and uninterrupted to be a successful concern. One of the ground for this is because Amazon puting clip in Information Security. Amazon has a monolithic sum of information on waiters around the Earth contain sensitive informa tion. non merely information for Amazon but besides for Amazon’s clients. Some illustrations of the information Amazon maintains on the waiters they own: merchandise information. warehouse information. name centre information. client service information. service information. client history information. bank information. cloud calculating information. digital media download information. and reappraisals of clients for merchandise information ( Amazon. 2012 ) . There will ever be some sort of the possible hazards to the information maintained by any concern or individual because new exposures are found every twenty-four hours. Just late. on August 7. 2012. a wired magazine reporter’s information stored on his Google history. Twitter history. MacBook. iPad. and iPhone where erased without the user desiring this done. A hacker that goes by the name of Phobia comprised the newsmans Amazon history with a security feat. The security feat allowed Phobia to entree the reporter’s Amazon history by naming and resetting the watchwords over the phone with the newsmans compromised AppleCare ID and Amazon ID ( Kerr. 2012 ) . Amazon responded with the following. â€Å"We have investigated the reported feat. and can corroborate the feat has been closed as of yesterday afternoon ( Kerr. 2012 ) . † Another major breach in security for Amazon occurred on the Zappos. com. which Amazon besides owns. 24 million histories where compromised. which included the following history information: names. transportation references. charge references. phone Numberss. and email references ( Vilches. 2012 ) . Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh wrote in an electronic mail that the hackers gained entree to the internal web of Zappos leting the hacker’s entree to the waiter that was in Kentucky. On October 28. 2011 a research worker uncovered a monolithic security defect in the Amazon Cloud service that is provided by Amazon ( Hickey. 2011 ) . A squad of German research workers found a manner that hackers would be able to entree user histories and informations. The methods of onslaught the security research workers found that the Amazon Cloud service was vulnerable to where signature wrapper and cross site scripting. XML signature wrapping onslaughts were developed that could wholly take over a user history with decision maker permissions for the Amazon Cloud histories. The AWS interface could besides be manipulated to run an feasible codification and make cross-site scripting onslaughts. The research workers said that they had entree to all the client informations. including hallmark informations. items. and watchwords ( Hickey. 2011 ) . There are many other exposures for Amazon that may be but are non known. Intruders ( hackers ) are a major menace for Amazon as proven from the antecedently listed illustrations. When the onslaught is done by a little group or merely one individual the menace will fall into the unstructured class ( Conklin. White. Williams. Davis. A ; Cothren. 2012 ) . Menaces caused by onslaughts by hackers that are in a condemnable group are known to fall into the structured class ( Conklin. White. Williams. Davis. A ; Cothren. 2012 ) . Physical security is of import to retrieve because if a hacker can acquire into the internal web and substructure. it can be much easier to derive unauthorised entree to the web. Information Security hazard analysis is used to entree the exposures. menaces. and how to put controls for an organisation ( Whitman. 2011 ) . List of what can be vulnerable: Web Waiters. Computer Servers. Routers. Client. Databases. Firewalls. Software. Power. and Transmission. List of menaces: Denial of Service Attacks. Spoofing and Masquerading. Malicious Code/Virus. Human Errors. Insider Attacks. Intrusion. Spamming. and Physical Damage to Hardware. List of costs: Trade Secrets. Client Secrets. Trust. Lost Gross saless. Clean up Costss. Information. Hardware. Software. Services. and Communication. List of controls to be used: Firewalls. IDS. Single Sign-on. DMZ. Security policy. Employee Training. Configuration of Architecture. and Hardening of Environment. All of these lists can be put into a chart to assist organize a hazard analysis and apparatus controls to be used for Amazon ( Conklin. White. Williams. Davis. A ; Cothren. 2012 ) . The legal. ethical. and regulative demands for protecting informations demand to be thought about when it comes to Information Security. Statutory Torahs. administrative Torahs. and common Torahs presently exist and are involved in computing machine security. New cyber Torahs are being defined by the tribunals. but none of these Torahs have been used yet ( Conklin. White. Williams. Davis. A ; Cothren. 2012 ) . In 1986. the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ( CFAA ) was established to do it a offense to entree computing machine systems when non authorized. Amazon has been around for 17 old ages and has a good path record for catching security hazards and piecing them rapidly. With the cyberspace go oning to turn at such a rapid gait. Amazon and everyone desiring to keep their informations unity needs to tight down on their Information Security protocols. Information Security is turning into an of import portion in protect a business’s information. MentionsAmazon. ( 2012 ) . Amazon. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. virago. com Byers. A. ( 2006 ) . Jeff Bezos: the laminitis of Amazon. com. New York. New york: The Rosen Publishing Group. Conklin. A. . White. G. . Williams. D. . Davis. R. . A ; Cothren. C. ( 2012 ) . Principles of Computer Security: CompTIA Security+ and Beyond ( Exam SY0-301 ) ( 3rd ed. ) . New York. New york: McGraw-Hill Company. Hickey. A. R. ( 2011. October 28 ) . Researchers Uncover ‘Massive Security Flaws’ In Amazon Cloud. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crn. com/news/cloud/23190911/researchers-unconver-massive-security-flaws-in-amazon-cloud. htm Kerr. D. ( 2012. August 7 ) . Amazon addresses security feat after journalist drudge. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. cnet. com/8301-1009_3-57488759-83/amazon-addresses-security-exploit-after-journalist-hack/ Vilches. J. ( 2012. January 16 ) . Amazon owned Zappos hacked. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. techspot. com/news/47060-amazon-owned-zappos-hacked-24-million-accounts-compromised. html Whitman. M. E. ( 2011 ) . Readings and Cases in Information Security: Law and Ethical motives. New York. New york: Cengage Learning.

Ancient Roman Government Notes

The â€Å"common-people† assembly which helped give the citizens more political power Empire- A dominating nation with extensive territories and a powerful ruler Laws of the 12 Tables- Guidelines for citizen’s behavior; a list of Roman customs about property and punishment Mercenary- A soldier who is hired for service in a foreign country Patrician- Member of Rome’s richest and most important families who served on the Senate for life Plebeian- The common person or lower-class citizen Roman Senate- One of the two houses of the early Roman republic Republic- A country run by the elected representatives of its people Tribune- A leader within the Concillum Plebus In 500 B. C the Roman government was forming into a republic; in which the people have the freedom to vote for their leaders. There were two parts, or two houses, to the Roman Republic: the Citizen Assembly and the Senate. The elected officials headed the two councils and they served one-year terms. The republic was established in 509B.C and lasted 500 years. Differences between the Greek and Roman governments: In Greece all men were allowed to vote In Rome only men with money/property could vote The Senate was the most powerful part of the government; all senators were patricians. To obtain political rights, the common people (Plebeians) formed their own assembly, the Concillum Plebus and named their leaders tribunes. Establishing peace and order gave Rome stability: Rome’s first code of law was established in 450B. C. On ten tablets, ten legal experts wrote down a list of Roman customs about property and punishment. However, due to plebeian pressure, two more tablets were added to satisfy them. The final code was called the Laws of the Twelve Tables. By the end of the third century Roman law covered issues dealing with foreigners and eventually covered magisterial law to strengthen and correct existing law. The Roman Empire took its first steps of dominance in 27B. C when the law’s development was taken over by the emperors, who added and revised freely. As the law got more complex, the government had to literally train jurists who could understand and interpret the laws. The stability of the law, the military, and financial standing of Rom kept it powerful. Rome successfully battled the Carthaginians, the Celtics(British), the Etruscans, and the Samnites. The Roman Empire was established around 27B. C. The empire spanned three continents. The empire was divided into states that were ruled by governors who collected taxes and sent money back to Rome.

Lenses Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lenses - Research Paper Example Whenever a lens is surrounded by air, refraction of light takes place from the air into the lens, crossing through the lens and then refracting back into the air. Each refraction can lead to a change in the direction of light travel. There are two types of lenses, converging lenses, and diverging lenses. A converging lens is one that causes light rays that were initially parallel to the central axis to converge, while a diverging lens is one that causes such light rays to diverge. When an object is placed in front of any of the two types of lenses, light rays that can refract either into or out of the lens from the object to produce an image of the object. A lens can produce an object image only because it can bend light rays, but it can only do this only if its refraction index is different from that of the surrounding medium (Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 936). The single spot to which light rays that have been refracted by a lens are converging is known as the focal point. The dista nce from the lens to the focal point, often denoted by the letter f, is called the focal length. Every lens has its own focal length that forms its defining characteristic. A lens can have either a positive or a negative focal length, depending on the side of the lens on which an object is placed. When the focal point of a lens is on the opposite side of the lens from where an object is placed, the resulting focal length is positive. On the other hand, when the focal point is on the same side as the object, the focal length is negative. While these terminologies are useful convections used by scientists and engineers to characterize lenses as well as mirrors, they contain no real physical meanings (Kirkpatrick & Gregory, 367). Both converging and diverging lenses form different types of images, depending on where the object is placed. When an object is placed inside the focal point, the lens forms a virtual image that is on the same side of the lens as the object, and having the sam e orientation. Thus, a converging lens can form two types of images, real or virtual, depending on whether the object is placed inside or outside of the focal point. In the case of a diverging lens, the image formed is virtual that is on the same side of the lens as the object, and contains the same orientation. This is regardless of the object distance and whether it is placed inside or outside of the focal point. Just like in the case of mirrors, when the image is real the image distance is taken to be positive while when the image is virtual it is taken to be negative. However, the location from lenses of real and virtual images are the reverse of those belonging to mirrors. Real images form on the lens side that is opposite the object, while virtual images form on the side that the object is located (Benenson, 358). There are lens systems that are arrangements of a correction of lenses that have a common optical axis, and are mostly applied in the correction of image defects tha t are present in single lenses. If the positions of the principal planes of the single lens are known together with their total focus, then it is possible for an optical image to be constructed for a lens system. The image construction is similar with that of thick lens if there are only two principal planes. In addition to lens systems, there are lenses with

Kurt Vonnegut During World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kurt Vonnegut During World War II - Essay Example After the war, Vonnegut attended the University of Chicago as a graduate student in anthropology and also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago. He described his work there in the late 1940s in terms that could have been used by almost any other City Press reporter of any era: "Well, the Chicago City News Bureau was a tripwire for all the newspapers in town when I was there, and there were five papers, I think. We were out all the time around the clock and every time we came across a really juicy murder or scandal or whatever, they’d send the big time reporters and photographers, otherwise, they’d run our stories. So that’s what I was doing, and I was going to university at the same time." Vonnegut admitted that he was a poor anthropology student, with one professor remarking that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists and he was not one of them. According to Vonnegut in Bagombo Snuff Box, the university rejected his first thesis o n the necessity of accounting for the similarities between Cubist painters and the leaders of late 19th Century Native American uprisings, saying it was unprofessional. He left Chicago to work in Schenectady, New York, in public relations for General Electric, where his brother Bernard worked in the research department. Vonnegut was a technical writer but was also known for writing well past his typical hours while working. While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in the tiny hamlet of Alplaus, just across the Mohawk River from the city of Schenectady.